Introduction The research efforts leading up to the culmination of a dissertation produce results that should arguably contribute to the theory utilized and for the advancement of knowledge. Whether research is used for a dissertation or conducted for other purposes, research and theory are interrelated (Harlow, 2010). The symbiotic relationship between research and theory allows theoretical contributions to occur. Corley and Gioia (2011) stated that contributions to a theory increases the understanding of an identified phenomenon based upon the usefulness and originality of the research study. Another perspective for a theoretical contribution was articulated by Cornelissen and Durand (2014), which stated a contribution to theory is made …show more content…
Two main components for the protection motivation theory exist, which are threat and coping appraisals. Threat appraisal is the defined as the process one uses in evaluating fear that is perceived based upon a specific situation and/or how the use feels they are threatened (Siponen, Mahmood, & Pahnila, 2014). Coping appraisal is the response a person takes to the threat (Vance, Siponen, & Pahnila, 2012). In the development of the protection motivation theory, Rogers initially identified three components of fear appeal, which are perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and response efficacy (Johnston & Warkentin, 2010). In subsequent development, Rogers added self-efficacy that was further used as a construct in other studies (Crossler et al., 2014; Johnston & Warkentin, 2010; Yoon, Hwang, & Kim, 2012). The protection motivation theory threat appraisal consisted of the perceived susceptibility and perceived severity constructs, while response efficacy and self-efficacy fell within the coping appraisal component. Response efficacy is a users belief that their action or actions will be successful in protection from a threat; self-efficacy is the actual competence to fulfill the necessary action needed for the response to a …show more content…
(2012) discussed the development of the protection motivation theory as a theoretical framework to understand behavior as a response to information obtained concerning threats and/or dangerous behavior. Crossler et al. (2014) discussed the protection motivation theory being utilized to further understand user behavior as the behavior pertains to security and compliance with applicable security policies. The theory has been widely used in the preventative health discipline (Prentice-Dunn, McMath, & Cramer, 2009) and in the security of information systems (Crossler et al., 2014). The current utilization of the protection motivation theory adds response cost as another factor. Response cost is another construct used in the protection motivation theory that assists in examining user behavior when adhering to policies and defined as the cost perceived as a response to threats which include time, money, and other resources necessary to counteract the threat (Yoon et al.,
Fear is a powerful emotion. Wikipedia.com describes fear as “an emotion induced by threat perceived by living entities, which causes a change in brain and organ function and ultimately change behavior, such as running away, hiding or freezing from traumatic events.”Most people tend to avoid fearful situations, not realizing that something positive may come out of the event or experience. Victor Villaseñor focuses on the topic of fear in his novel titled Burro Genius. Villaseñor demonstrates to readers how growing up he was extremely fearful of any situation. Victor also tells his readers how he turned his fear into motivation into motivation to keep going and reach his ultimate goal of becoming a published author.
Bandura A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Fear influences people to make irrational decisions and take extreme measures. Often times, these actions are done to protect one’s reputation. Fear causes people to lie and manipulate to those they care about in order to escape what they are scared of most. Fear of failure has caused higher levels of anxiety, and has made society put blame on each other, rather than owning up to their mistakes. Fear can also cause one to forget one’s true identity and lose one’s values. There are two options that one can take when being faced with a fear: run away from the fear, or go through it and learn a valuable lesson in the end that will make you a stronger person. Fear is a harmful emotion that everyone has to go through in order to succeed.
In the words of Bertrand Russell, “Fear is the main source of superstition, and one of the main sources of cruelty. To conquer fear is the beginning of wisdom” (Russell). Fear causes many problems in our lives. Fear influences many of a person’s actions and decisions. However, people usually regret the decisions or actions they made out of fear. Also, these actions and decisions can cause problems for those people in their future. Fear is a harmful emotion, for it clouds people’s judgement, disables them from taking action, and causes them to make decisions that they will regret later.
Mitchell, M. L. & Jolley, J. M. (2004). Advantages of using theory to generate ideas. Retrieved from http://psy1.clarion.edu/mm/StudyRDE/Web_Appendixes/Theory _Appendix/Using_Theory.htm
Stam’s (2010) view of theory as a systematic representation of critical problems. Systematic observations are developing explanations of problems, describing different strategies, and providing outcomes. A theory is an observation and unified hypotheses, a cycle of statements, or a pictorial model, and specific methods in yielding results of said process. Theories are used as a construct in researcher work to explain a phenomenon. Practitioners utilized theory based on observation and frame the problem in an actual practice environment. According to Stam (2007), a theory is a systematic arrangement of knowledge useful for problem solving, in clarifying these different observable truths. The usefulness of theories used by practitioners is
In today’s society the theory known as social control theory was a theory that most individuals could have found themselves relating to. Theorists that helped in the development of the social control theory did not ask the one major question of what made an individual a criminal or act in a deviant way, these theorists shared a thought that deviant behavior was to be expected. This theory did not end up becoming popular till the mid 1970’s and the theory really blossomed into three distinct trends (Williams &McShane, 2014). The first trend that was in the social control theory was the reaction to the labeling and conflict orientation and return to the examination of criminal behavior of a deviant individual (Williams &McShane, 2014). The second trend in the social control theory was the rise in the study criminal justice as a discipline helped move criminology in a system orientated direction. Lastly social control theories were linked with a new research technique that was used for finding delinquent behavior which were called the self-report survey, which became very popular. In the social control theory what must have been explained is why individuals made the decision to obey the rules that were made for the individuals, not what made them act in a deviant way. Some theorists in the social control theory demonstrated the view of human nature which reflected the beliefs of the theorist Thomas Hobbes an English philosopher who was convinced that human nature was just an evil thing. The modern versions of social control theory were the reactions to strain theories (Williams &McShane, 2014). The theories in the Chicago school also played a critical in the development of the social control theory; the ideas of the Chicago school c...
What’s the first thing that comes to your mind when you think of fear? Is it that rush of adrenaline, which swells your veins? Is it that feeling of your heart beating uncontrollably? That fear of uncertainty? Or, is it that moment when you are scared beyond belief and feel nothing but helpless? Whatever it may be, there are certainly ways to deal with and overcome fear. Fear can come in many different shapes and forms, but as the 21st century continues to unravel, advertisers are employing different fear tactics into our society. Consequently, advertisers are trying to persuade us to make decisions that would have otherwise not been made. However, determining the level to which
The goal of any organization is to have a workforce that works to its fullest potential. When the workforce is constantly moving in the direction towards the achievement of the mission statement a leader can often say they have a highly motivated workforce. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of the organization’s leadership and upper management to find a way to bring out the best in their employees. Finding research-based strategies and techniques to truly motivate employees is a necessary skill that all leaders must possess.
Consistent with Bandura (1997), SCCT hypothesizes self-efficacy that “when individuals confront a difficult situation, they will be more likely to persevere toward reaching their goals if they have a strong belief in their abilities to successfully cope with this environmental obstacle” (Lapan, 2004, p. 39). Lent, Brown, and Hackett (1994) propose that the core constructs of SCCT consist of self-efficacy, outcome expectations and goals, all of which operate as interlocking mechanisms bidirectionally affecting one
General physical violence perpetration was bivariately, positively correlated with fearlessness about death, which supports prior research showing that physically aggressive experiences, such as combat exposure, are associated with increases in fearlessness about death (Bryan & Cukrowicz, 2011). However, physical violence perpetration was not associated with increases in general fearlessness/pain tolerance, which is inconsistent with experimental evidence that physical aggression committed through violent video games increases physical pain tolerance (Teismann et al., 2014). While this is one of the few tests of a correlation between physical violence perpetration and fearlessness about death, this association was not present in multivariate models. Furthermore, this study cannot determine whether engagement in physical violence increases fearlessness about death or fearlessness about death
Psychological safety and self-efficacy are closely related (Al-Refaie, 2013; Edmondson, 1999). Psychological safety is a shared belief among team members for interpersonal risk taking (Edmondson, 1999). It is an employee’s safety feeling in doing the job without negative consequences on self-image, status or career (Brown & Leigh, 1996; Kahn, 1990; May, Gilson, & Harter, 2004). Moreover in organisational context, it refers to the basic belief about how other people in the organization will respond to an individual member choice which may be risky for the organisation (Cannon & Edmondson, 2001). Hence, in other words, psychological safety is a safety feeling of employees for fear of negative impact on their position, such as being rejected, embarrassed or punished by their organisation members due to their activities (Brueller & Carmeli, 2011; Nembhard & Edmondson, 2006; Tynan, 2005; Zhang, Fang, Wei, & Chen, 2010).
Fear and anxiety used to be thought as persuading voters to change their opinions about candidates or topics (Brader 2006). However, recent studies have shown that fear and anxiety rather are more important in attention and questioning opinions, rather than outright changing opinions (Brader 2005; 2006). When a threat is posed to people, they pay attention and usually negative ads increase attention by making the person think there is a threat (Marcus and Mackuen 1993). When people pay attention to the threat, their behaviors change compared to ads that evoke positive emotions. Fear and anxiety alone will not sway voters in their opinions, but rather make voters rethink their opinions, goals, decisions and knowledge (Brader, 2006). It also increases information seeking behavior (Brader 2005). These behaviors that are elicited allow the voter to be more easily persuaded, but simply provoking fear or anxiety from an ad will not persuade a voter (Brader 2006). Fear ads are also powerful in the fact that they can increase motivation and participation in campaigns, however, it is not as strong as a motivator as enthusiasm. The main motivation behind fear and anxiety is to learn about the candidates and reinforce their opinions (Marcus and MacKuen 1993). Overall, fear and anxiety are better motivators for seeking information and questioning decisions as ads that provoke these emotions cause people
Fear is a necessity for humans. Fear is important because it's what we need to be motivated and do our best to reach our goals to succeed. Fear is what drives us towards our goals and aspirations. Again, "In order to succeed, your desire for success should be greater than your fear of failure." -Bill Cosby
Fear causes people to become more protective and defensive about their life, choices, and whom they interact with. In the film “The Mean World Syndrome”, it is observed that there is a relationship believe the gun industry and the crime rates in certain places. Guns are always shown as something stereotypically violent. But the film explains: as the violent crime rates went down in the past years, gun purchases have increased instead. This shows that guns are being purchased through the act of fear or defense, which can be a result of being exposed to a lot of violence in media. Violence in media can sometimes be seen as partial truths; in ways, people do believe that the things they see on television or the internet can possibly happen in real life. In response to that, viewers take slight precautions to this type of