The Egyptians eventually dealt with the Hyksos through a campaign of attacks that displaced the foreigners from Egypt. Seqenenre Tao II is originally thought to have initiated the Egyptian’s war of liberation. Kamose then made significant progress in the expulsion of the Hyksos through the use of medjay mercenaries to attack Nefrusi and the outskirts of Avaris. However, Ahmose I completed the expulsion of the Hyksos through his likely adoption of Hyksos weaponry to subjugate Avaris and Sharuhen.
Seqenenre Tao II is believed to have initiated the campaign to expel the Hyksos from Egypt. Though it is uncertain on which of the 17th Dynasty rulers first took up arms against the Hyksos, Seqenenre Tao II thought to be the first to initiate the Egyptian’s expulsion of the Hyksos. This is due to his supposed altercation with the Hyksos king Apophis. However, this Egyptian tale is
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When Ahmose I reached the age to resume Kamose’s campaign, the Hyksos most likely reclaimed ground. A daybook entry in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus accounts that Ahmose I first took control of the fortress Tjaru before besieging the Hyksos stronghold Avaris. However, the main source to document this attack originates from the tomb inscription of Ahmose, Son of Ebana, a marine who served under Ahmose I. This inscription gives evidence to indicate that Ahmose I had first adopted Hyksos weaponry, claiming that he “rode abroad his chariot.” This was an innovation believed to have been introduced by the Hyksos. In addition, a drawing found amongst Ahhotep I’s burial equipment portrays Ahmose I as assaulting a Hyksos soldier with an axe. Evidently, improvements to such a weapon in Egypt are thought to have been originally introduced by the Hyksos. Hence, it seems likely that Ahmose I’s adoption of Hyksos weaponry became instrumental in his campaign to expel the
Often through great literature, there is an epic hero. In the Odyssey, Homer tells the journey of one man’s journey home from the Trojan War. The protagonist of the epic poem Odysseus is often regarded as a great hero. However, Odysseus is not quite the glorious soldier that people often see him as. Odysseus shows that he is an antihero through his pride, disloyalty, and bloodthirstiness.
Whenever the topic of Ancient Egypt is breached, a few generic topics are instantly recalled: maybe it’s the pyramids, King Tut’s tomb, maybe even the Exodus? Before Egypt became the Egypt that most everyone knows of now, it was a wildly disjointed, disunited preamble to the great empire it became known for. King Narmer was the factor that ultimately changed that. Unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty, Narmer set into motion a series of events that ultimately shaped Egypt into the modern republic it is now. In this episode of ‘A History of the World in 101 Objects,’ we will delve into the history behind this legendary Stele, explore the ancient and current significance of such a production, and attempt to lift the veil on topics such as consolidating Menes with Narmer.
Queen Hatshepsut, who ruled Egypt during the 18th dynasty, was one of a small handful of female pharaohs. Despite her many achievements, her reign is most remembered for the fact that she was a woman. Her unique story has been a source for dispute among scholars, which has led to a number of conflicting views. The small amount of Hatshepsut’s life that has been documented does not allow us to see the more intimate details of her life. Historians have a broad range of opinions on her, but one thing is certain: her reign provided Egypt with a period of peace and prosperity after 100 years of foreign rule.
Horemheb waited a little bit longer and then killed Ay, leaving him to be king. Horemheb erased Akhenaten, Tut, and Ay from the list of pharaohs. He was obviously had personal reasons to kill the two
Ramses had a harsh and profound life, yet he was able to accomplish, build, and expand so many ideas across Egypt and even into today. Ramses II made most decisions based on his involvement whether that was war, politics, or ruling. Egypt had to rely on Ramses II to be Pharaoh when his father died. This step in which Ramses had to take at the age of 19 was hard to fulfill with only some training by his father. Ramses was able to accomplish many innovations that have survived to be around today. As ruler Ramses was also the leader of his army and led many battles including the famous war between the Egyptians and Hittites. Ramses created the first treaty to be written down after a war. Ramses has been known to be one of the most profound Pharaoh in history. Even though Egypt relied on Ramses II to be Pharaoh at such a young age, Egypt did not rely just on his judgment, but rather his personal involvement. He expanded Egypt to its’ greatest and highest with a thriving economy and enriched structural growth. Ramses II led for 66 years bringing Egypt to its’ highest power, territorial gain, and economical wealth.
Pyramids, gold, the Nile, hieroglyphics, gods and goddesses…no matter how much we know about it, we all see one of these things when we picture Egypt. However, this image is not complete without the Pharaoh. Not much in Egypt was. So to be considered “The Last Great Pharaoh of Egypt” is quite an honor, an honor that Ramesses III carries. A ruler in the time of the New Kingdom, he gave Egypt a few more years of glory before it’s decline.
Ramses II (reigned 1279-1212 BC), ancient Egyptian king, third ruler of the 19th dynasty, the son of Seti I. During the early part of his reign Ramses fought to reign the territory in Africa and Western Asia that Egypt had held during the 16th and 15th centuries BC. His principle opponents were the Hittites, a powerful people of Asia Minor, against whom he waged a long war upon. The major battle of this war was fought in 1274 at Kadesh, in Northern Syria, was hailed by Ramses as such a great triumph. In 1258 BC a treaty was signed whereby the contested lands were divided and Ramses agreed to marry the daughter of the Hittite king.
The Acheamenid Empire's first ruler was Cyrus the Great. According to Herodotus, a Greek historian, Cyrus was the son of an Iranian nobleman and a Median princess who was the daughter of the Median king Astyages. In 600 B.C, the Medes ruled the Persians. After the birth of Cyrus the Great, Astyages (the King of the Medes) had a dream that was interpreted as a sign that his grandson would eventually overthrow him. He ordered his steward Harpagus to kill Cyrus but he was morally unable to kill a newborn so he summoned the Mardian Mitradates ( a royal bandit herdsman from the mountainous region bordering the Saspires) and ordered him to leave the baby to die in the mountains. The herdsman and his wife (whom Herodotus calls Cyno in Greek, and Spaca-o in Median) took pity and raised the child as their own. However many historians dispute this and there is very little evidence about King Cyrus's childhood but King Cyrus did mange to ove...
The Second Intermediate Period lasted 150 years. Hyksos from Palestine invaded it. The New Kingdom begins when Hyksos are driven out of Palestine. The New Kingdom was the 18th Dynasty. Ahmose I take over. He reunified the country. Women played in an important role in the New Kingdom. Hatshepsut was a powerful female. She was the wife of Thutmose II and mother of Thutmose III. The wars were fought in horse drawn carriages.
In about 1630 BC, a group of mixed Semitic-Asiatics called ?Hyksos? (probably Egyptian for ?rulers of foreign lands?) seized power and ruled Egypt as Pharaohs or as vassals. The Hyksos introduced the horse and chariot, the compound bow, improved battle-axes and advanced fortification techniques into Egypt. Their chief deity was the Egyptian storm and desert god, Seth. Under the Hyksos rulers Seqeneenre and Kamose the Thebans began a revolt spread northward under Kamose until, in about 1521, Avaris feel to his successor, Ahmose, founder of the 18th Dynasty (Tyldesley, 1996:24-25).
The sites touched by Thutmose I and II were expanded in Upper Egypt. Hatshepsut built for Horus of Buhen, which was a temple of a temple common in the mid 18th dynasty. Hatshepsut lined the temple with drawings of her and Thutmose III. Although later, when Thutmose III rose to power, he replaced those drawings with those of just him and his father and grandfather. However, parts of the Buhen temples that were moved to the Khartoum Museum, contains scenes of Hatshepsut’s coronation and veneration of her father, Thutmose I. There are no records of any 18th dynasty kings building before Hatshepsut. Hatshepsut also inscribed a lengthy tale on Speos Artemidos, saying that she was the first person to start to restore temples in the area of Memphis since the Hyksos destroyed the area. She claimed to rebuild temples at Hermopolis and at Cusae. This work was claimed to be overlooked by one of her nomarch named, Djehuty. Djehuty was a general under king Thutmose III, and then a nomarch to Hatshepsut. Djehuty had the titles “king's scribe”, “overseer of troops” and “overseer of the northern countries”. Hatshepsut gave the most attention to Thebes. She had a huge focus on the Temple of Karnak, and worked on restoring and expanding on the once great temple. Djehuty had a large role in this project as well. Illustrated on the walls of this temple, was the Queen’s expedition to
We all change throughout our lives as we learn from our experiences and Odysseus is no exception. Odysseus lives though some crazy things and through his experiences, he learns more about himself and some of his traits change—for the better—by the end of the Odyssey. Odysseus’s experience with the Sirens shows that he’s learning to trust people outside of himself and that he’s learning to be a better leader. Throughout the epic, we see Odysseus struggles in accepting the “gifts” that the gods give to him. Odysseus likes to be in control of what happens in his life, and because the gods are a higher power than him, he does not have complete control and learns to accept this through the course of his journey. Odysseus’s experiences facilitate his learning and changing into a better person and leader; by the end of the epic, he is more accepting of the twists and turns that are thrown at him by the gods and more trusting of people.
Ancient Egyptian stelae were commonly used as tombstone or boundary markers, but were later used to commemorate special events. The latter was used to commemorate the bravery of Queen Ahhotep I. According to text from an Egyptian stelae inside the Karnak Temple, “She is the one who has accomplished the rites and taken care of Egypt... She has looked after her soldiers, she has guarded her, she has brought back her fugitives and collected together her deserters, and she has pacified Upper Egypt and expelled her rebels” (Dodson). Not only did Queen Ahhotep I command over men, she was played a pivotal role during the invasion of the Hykos. Queen Ahhotep I ultimately was awarded the “golden flies of valor” for her bravery for removing the Hykos out of Egypt. Ancient Egyptian woman were regarded highly amongst their male counterparts in comparison to places such as ancient Greece. The level at which ancient Egyptian woman were seen at, is shown in their writings and poems. Overall, the ability to express themselves at the level at which they did, and command armies, is a testament to the multi-dimensionality of ancient Egyptian
During the time of Ancient Egypt, having strong Pharaohs was essential to the maintenance and growth of the civilization, as the Pharaohs were believed to be living Gods. Although leadership of Ancient Egypt was often male dominated, there were admirable female Pharaohs who successfully gained power and left behind a positive legacy; one woman to achieve this was Hatshepsut, meaning ‘foremost of female nobles’. Her innovation and determination allowed her to maintain her position of Pharaoh for about twenty years (1479-1458 BCE). Hatshepsut was considered to be a very successful leader because of her confidence and ambition, magnificent building projects, and establishment of a strong trading network.
...n 1163 B.C., Egypt entered a period of slow decline (Scarre 1997:116). Pharaohs became less powerful, and their prestige dwindled. Hungry soldiers were terrorizing the community, while tomb robbers were raiding the pyramids for resources that were very much needed. They had buried their pharaohs with food, goods and jewelry, all of which were needed to keep the civilization in tact. They had built too many pyramids, and there were setbacks in Asia which corrupted trade. People did not understand why the pharaohs could not fix the problems that were going on. They viewed them as gods and lost trust and faith. Egypt fell apart as these things culminated with loss of belief in the pharaohs.