Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Chapter 1 part 1 the study of human development
Chapter 1 part 1 the study of human development
Human development theory
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Chapter 1 part 1 the study of human development
Introduction
Human growth is not always a straight forward for all individuals. Some individuals experience human development problems either in their childhood stages or during their adulthood. Such human development issues often limit the victims from getting the best of life. This means that it is always important to understand such human development problems clearly because such understanding can help the researchers, caregivers, parents, teachers and even doctors in coming up with strategies to ensure that the victim of human development problems live a better life and socialize with others normally. The paper will identify a case of Tom and identify his major problems and also suggest some of the measures that should be taken to address
…show more content…
Bandura came up with a theory of Moral Disengagement to explain ways in which people justify their actions and commit immoral behaviors (Hyde, Shaw & Moilanen, 2010). The moral disengagement is associated with antisocial outcomes in adult and child populations. Using this theory, it is easier to understand the etiology and maintenance of antisocial behaviors. Understanding how the MD theories explain the genesis of the antisocial behavior could help us understanding of how Tom developed the antisocial behavior (Hyde, Shaw & Moilanen, 2010). The theory states that the antisocial behavior is attributable to the environmental and child factors that often promote the development of an uncaring and rejecting attitude towards societal values. These factors serve as developmental precursors of MD (Hyde, Shaw & Moilanen, …show more content…
K., & Veenstra, R. (2014). The interplay between peer rejection and acceptance in preadolescence and early adolescence, serotonin transporter gene, and antisocial behavior in late adolescence: The TRAILS study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (1982-), 60(2), 193-216. doi:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.60.2.0193 Brendgen, M. (2012). Genetics and peer relations: A review. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(3), 419-437. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00798.x Bergen, D. (2008). Human development: Traditional and contemporary theories. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Hyde, L. W., Shaw, D. S., & Moilanen, K. L. (2010). Developmental precursors of moral disengagement and the role of moral disengagement in the development of antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(2), 197-209. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9358-5 Crandal, B. R., Foster, S. L., Chapman, J. E., Cunningham, P. B., Brennan, P. A., & Whitmore, E. A. (2015). Therapist perception of treatment outcome: Evaluating treatment outcomes among youth with antisocial behavior problems.Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 710-725.
Berger, K. (2011). The developing person through the life span. (8th ed., pp. 39-42). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
Schuster, C. S., and Ashburn, S. S., (1980). The Process of Human Development: A Holistic Approach. Boston: Little, Brown and Company Inc.
The self-control theory suggested that people engaged in criminal behaviors as they believed that crime was an advisable way of fulfilling their self-interest, which provided them a sense of pleasure immediately. Everyone has different ability to control their impulses for instant satisfaction, the ability mainly developed before puberty and relatively stable over the life span. The probability for engaging in criminal behaviors was greater in people with low self-control than those with high self-control. Moreover, the self-control theory suggested that the relationship between self-control and the involvement in criminal behaviors was less affected by factors like peer influences or cultural influences (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Therefore, self-control theory is totally different from differential association theory. According to Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990), the major cause of children with low self-control may be inefficient parenting. Parents should monitor their children, keep the children under surveillance, and actively react to improper behaviors. They should be able to recognize when deviance occurs, then punished and disapproved that misbehaviors. If the parents failed to do so, children with low self-control may be produced and thus the children may have a greater likelihood to commit in
Crandell, Thomas. Crandell, Corinne Haines. Zanden, James W. Vander. (2009). Human Development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Individuals' personalities and overall quality of living are significantly influenced by several interrelated sources ranging from one's upbringing and quality of relationships to their own feelings of self-esteem and worth. Though this may seem relatively easy and un-complex, countless people today are engaged in persistent antisocial, criminal behavior, and seem unable to find an alternative, legal, means of living. While many have tried to explain such behavior through various theories, the causes of criminal activity remain to be satisfactorily clarified. Essentially, antisocial criminal activity has two aspects to it. Antisocial behavior is that in which one shuns society and others, while criminal activity is the act of performing a deed that violates an established law of the community. Obviously, such actions have serious consequences, which can range from community service and a fine to prison time. Even though there are several reasons that one may become an antisocial criminal, two theories of personality that provide reasonable explanations of this phenomenon, each in their own way, are the psychoanalytic and phenomenological theories.
This theory offers an explanation for how personality flaws developed in youth lead to delinquent behavior later on in life. In this theory, Freud posits that that the personality is comprised of three elements known as the id, ego, and superego (Siegel & Welsh, 2017). The id is indulgent and desires instant gratification. This aspect is present from birth while the ego forms gradually over time. The ego acts as a filter for the id and aids in controlling compulsive tendencies that the id creates. Finally, the superego is fostered through connections with close relatives and instills virtue and ethics. While the superego is the conscientious aspect and the id is the indulgent aspect, the ego acts as a buffer for the two, creating moral behavior. While all three aspects function concurrently, a balance between the three allows individuals to exhibit healthy behavior and responses. When one element is expressed more outwardly than the other two, the balance is disrupted and the personality
Silverthorn, P., & Frick, P.J. (1999). Developmental pathways to antisocial behavior: the delayed-onset pathway in girls . Development and Psychopathology, 11, 101-126.
Moffitt, Terrie E. 1993. “Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy.” Psychological Review 100:674–701.
Antisocial personality disorder is a personality disorder marked by a general pattern of disregard for a violation of other people’s rights. Explanations of antisocial personality disorder come from the psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological models. As with many other personality disorders, psychodynamic theorists propose that this disorder starts with an absence of parental love during infancy leading to a lack of basic trust. In this view, the children that develop this disorder respond to early inadequacies by becoming emotionally distant, and they bond with others through use of power and destructiveness. Behavioral theorists have suggested that antisocial symptoms may be learned through modeling, or imitation. As evidence, they point to the higher rate of antisocial personality disorder found among the parents of people with this disorder. Other behaviorists suggest that some parent’s unintentionally teach antisocial behavior by regularly awarding a child’s aggressive behavior. The cognitive view says that people with this disorder hold attitudes that trivialize the importance of other people’s needs. Cognitive theorists also believe that these people have a genuine difficulty recognizing a point of view other than their own. Finally studies show that biological factors may play an important role in developing antisocial disorder. Researchers have found that antisocial people, particularly those with high impulse and aggression, display lower serotonin activity and has been linked this same activity with other studies as well.
The development environment has been theoretically proposed to be relevant to the etiology of ASPD. (Shi and Bureau, 2012, p.54) While many other studies have been carried out to find relationships between antisocial behavior and delinquency, very few have attempted to find the relationship between the caregiving environment and antisocial behavior. Three other relevant studies have been conducted; establishing a connection between developmental processes and early aggression, conduct disorder, and young adolescent to adolescent delinquency. Maltreatment in childhood has also been associated repeatedly with antisocial behavior. (Shi and Bureau, 2012, p. 55) The only issue most psychologists have been facing is simply that antisocial behaviors have only been measured with no diagnostic information so far. While some studies have shown that maltreatment in early life is ...
In conclusion, moral disengagement is a means by which people can more easily commit inhumane acts, and is a theory as to why people commit these acts. However, the article that defines moral disengagement and its mechanisms so well fails to propose any fixes for the social conditions that it claims are the most likely to cause outbursts of heinous behavior.
Individuals’ life and personal experiences play an important role in one’s development. As a matter of fact, the path from infancy to adulthood can be shaped by many factors that happen during the individual’s life. According to Drewery and Claiborne (2010), human development is an area of study that seeks to analyse and understand how ongoing changes affect people’s life and their development. There are many theories around human development, yet all of them share the notion that there are several universal stages that take place in every individual’s development: childhood, adolescence and adulthood (Drewery & Claiborne, 2010). This current essay aims to explore and analyse one of the three life stages that characterised human development:
“Children are a product of their environment”, is something I constantly hear when a either a young person is acting out or a young person doesn’t look “socially acceptable”. Delinquency and children’s behavior was something I have grown to become interested in during our class; thus leading me to analyze different theories on youth and the factors that prompted the onset of delinquent and how they continue to sustain their negative behavior. I personally do not completely agree with any one theory that applies to youth and child delinquency, yet there are points within each theory that I can agree with. In the following pages I will describe theories such as Choice Theory, Biosocial Theory, and Differential Association Theory.
Walsh, A.W., (2006). Ch. 7: Psychosocial Theories: Individual Traits And Criminal Behavior. (p. 174-179). Retrieved from:
Craig, G. J., & Dunn, W. L. (Ex.: 2010). Understanding human development (2nd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.