Thoroughbred...it is alive!

The Functions of Proteins Introduction Protein accounts for about three-fourths of the dry matter in human tissues other than fat and bone. It is a major structural component of hair, skin, nails, connective tissues, and body organs. It is required for practically every essential function in the body. Proteins are made from the following elements; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and often sulphur and phosphorus. Proteins cannot be stored except in eggs and seeds and they form the body's main structural elements and are found in every cell and tissue.

(Wert, G., Mummery, C.) However, the most potent stems cells are collected perinatal stem cells from aborted fetuses. These stem cells are totipotent, “Totipotent (cell are)… capable of developing into all the specialized cells that make up the adult animal.” (http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F10_2008_45) Totipotent means unspecialized cells have the ability to change into any specialized cells. Researchers have discovered stem cells in amniotic fluid in addition to being in umbilical cord blood. They are taken from the amniotic fluid fills the sac that surrounds and protects a developing fetus in the uterus. Researchers have identified stem cells in samples of amniotic fluid drawn from pregnant women during a procedure called amniocentesis, which is a test for abnormalities.

The nucleopore allows nucleic acids and proteins to move about freely. Last but not least are the ribosomes. Ribosomes are responsible for collecting the proteins in the cell. An average plant cell consists of a cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER and rough ER), golgi complex, microtubules, mitochondria, nucleus, nucleolus, nucleopore, peroxisomes, plasmodesmata, ribosomes, and vacuole. The cell membrane in a plant cell supports the cell and helps maintain the cell’s shape.

What makes these cells so very distinctive is that they're pluripotent, which betokens that they'll be characterized to differentiate into any of the three germ layers which exist in the human body: endoderm, mesoderm, and germ layer. The endoderm is comprised of the stomach, intestines, and the lungs. The mesoblast is mainly the muscle, blood, and bone. This leaves the germ layer with your skin and nervous system. These cells have the power to rehabilitate just about any part of the human body, and that is what makes embryonic stem cells so special.

Nine of these fossils (four Neanderthal and five human) contained mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), completely intact. Mitochondrial DNA is tougher than the DNA found in cell nuclei; it is also found in the cytoplasm of a fertilized egg and is passed only through maternal lineage. This makes it much easier for the team to study and makes testing more accurate. Paabo’s team, from Leipzig, Germany, used a method of amino acid content as a way of measuring extractible DNA from the bones. The amino acid method was a... ... middle of paper ... ...ut there on what happened to the Neanderthals, such as competition or fighting.

Bones are rigid and dynamic biological organs where a series of active cells resident and integrate into a stiff matrix and this structure physically support and protect the tissue and organs within our body. Bone stores minerals and bone marrow within bone structure produces new blood cells. over 270 pieces of bones are in infants’ body and several of them fuse together during growth. These bones are in different shapes and have complex and hierarchical structures. With different shapes, mechanical properties and biological activities, they act in a variety of roles for our body functions.

While these successfully facilitate bacterial growth, they all are made from animals. Human albumin is protein and nutrients extracted from human plasma, bovine serum is nutrients that are extracted from a calf’s blood, and WI-38 diploid cells are human lung cells that have been reproduced in laboratories for 55 years (ProCon, 2016). Despite that these contain nutrients, they can also contain viruses and bacteria, as they are from an animal. When regarding Albumin, the US food and drug administration

Although it is not definite proof linking the two species, it is very convincing. Perhaps with more research, it can become factual proof that links humans to primates. Mysosin is the major contractile protein that makes up muscle tissue, and it is this gene that is thought to be responsible for the appearance of the genus Homo in the evolutionary aspect of the hominid species. “Myosin Heavy Chains are a critical protein component of the sarcomeres, the engine room of skeletal muscle, from which contractile force is derived” (Currie, 373). ... ... middle of paper ... ...nd unpredictable, and this goes for everything in science which is why it is so intriguing to so many people.

They can function as a building material, in teeth, bones and muscles, and they can serve as enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Its functions are the most diverse of any family. Whether found in humans, animals, plants or in single-celled bacteria, proteins are made of units of 20 different amino acids. Proteins consist of macromolecules called polypeptides, made from monomers called amino acids. Proteins have hundreds, thousands, or sometimes even millions of these amino acids.

It started with molecules called Nucleotides but then made long chains which formed Nucleic Acids. Every single Nucleic molecule has a sugar base. To find out if anything has Nucleic Acids is to figure out if something is living then it has to DNA. Examples of Nucleic Acids are us living humans, dogs, cats, horses, sharks, and everything living. So testing if it does has Nucleic Acids is to see if it’s a living