Spanish scholar Alfonso Sanchez-Tabernero explained the same significant situation in Europe in his Competition between Public Service and Commercial Television in the European Market (2004) and Media Concentration in the European Market, New Trends and Challenges (2002). Since the early development of television industry, many European countries chose another other than “American Model”. They trusted that state-owned cable networks can effectively ensure their political discourse and cultural diversity. But it did not work in somewhere. In 1974, commercial television channels were allowed in some countries. While the progress of economic liberalization and the development of cable television, the number of channels increased very fast. Consequently, …show more content…
Tencent obtained an excellent and huge cash flow in terms of its great business of gaming and social services. All the people have to recognize Tencent’s success, but very few of them notice Tencent has silently creates a Tencent media empire. Based on the theory of Media Convergence, today’s media empire has to act in three major ways. The general terms convergence that means two or more things come together. But here, convergence means "the flow of content across multiple media platforms, the cooperation between multiple media industries, and the migratory behaviour of media audiences” (Jenkins 2006) Graham Murdock (2000a) identifies three ways as three trends of …show more content…
(McChesney 2008, p491) It cannot deny that media affect social motion, and media organizations established in order to meet the needs of society and politics. Topics around ideology, race, media ownership are most frequently discussed in scholars. The political economy of communication research procedures of media production and consumption by analyzing economic patterns, media control, and change of ownership to explain how the production of cultural commodities is bounded by economy and mainstream ideologies. ((Kunczik 1997; McChesney 2008; Mosco 2008, 2009; Wasko
Over the centuries, the media has played a significant role in the shaping of societies across the globe. This is especially true of developed nations where media access is readily available to the average citizen. The media has contributed to the creation of ideologies and ideals within a society. The media has such an effect on social life, that a simple as a news story has the power to shake a nation. Because of this, governments around the world have made it their duty to be active in the regulation and control of media access in their countries. The media however, has quickly become dominated by major mega companies who own numerous television, radio and movie companies both nationally and internationally. The aim of these companies is to generate revenue and in order to do this they create and air shows that cater to popular demand. In doing so, they sometimes compromise on the quality of their content. This is where public broadcasters come into perspective.
To understand media in our society we can examine it through the contemporary theorists point of view. Three major critical theorist are Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, and Herbert Marcuse. Together they agreed with the base/ superstructure theory by Karl Marx. This is the theory where the base consists of the economy and the superstructure consists of anything such as; religion, law, society values and culture. For marks the base determines the superstructure(Appelrouth & Edles, 2008). For Marx the dominant economic class are the ones that own the means of production, He refers to them as the bourgeois and they have the ability to control societies means of material production and the production of idea (Appelrouth $ Edles, 2008).
Since the television appeared, the entire world changed the way of communicating and the means get data about the issues that occur around us (Beggs J., 2013). But what happens if we only have one media to communicate all that information? How does this affect the existence of only one way to get the information to the veracity and the objectivity? That is exactly the situation in México, a country which prevails in a Monopoly in Television, and this control manipulate the information according to its interest.
The issue of the relationship between the mass media and the popular culture has always been a controversial issue in social sciences. The political economists insist on the role of the media industry in the creation of this phenomenon of the twentieth century. Though, advocates such as John Fiske, argue that popular culture is actually the creation of the populous itself, and is independent of the capitalist production process of the communication sector. Basing his argument on the immense interpretive power of the people, Fiske believes that the audience is able to break all the indented meanings within a media message. He also believes- by giving new meanings to that specific message they can oppose the power block that is trying to impose its ideology to the public. Consequently, this anarchistic activity of the audience creates the popular culture as a defence mechanism. Even when we accept Fiske’s ideas, we can not disregard the manipulative power of the media and its effects on cultural and social life.
From its beginnings, media has always been distributed through networks. Though the networks of today differ greatly from those of before, the basic concept remains the same. There are many definitions of what a network is, and there are numerous types of networks. Media is connected to, and makes use of, more than just one of these types of networks. With the use of today’s expansive and complicated technology, more of these networks are being made accessible to media companies. This essay will be looking at what networks are, the essentially symbiotic relationship between them and media, and will analyse the effects of this relationship on the world at large.
Marxism in media criticism deals with socioeconomics and examines class system in relation to historical materialism. This methodology is used analyze and critique the development of capitalism and the role of laborer and in their economic struggles. Marxist political economy is relationships between people and classes through the patterns of media ownership for profit-motives and how it influences media business practices. An example of this is how we consume media. Both entertainment and media industries are making billions off our consumption of what we read, view, listening to and downloading. The analyses of mass media examines the relations of production under multinational capitalism. These patterns of media ownership are concentration, meaning small concentration of small industries owners that dominate their field. Conglomeration, accumulating multiple companies through mergers and takeovers. Integration, is how a business is put together by vertical and horizontal integration. Multinationalism, which is corporation’s being in multiple countries distributing products
The mass communication that is present for cultural influence becomes impactful for people. Varying interpretations and definitions could be displayed for individuals. The limited cultural influences found in networks, internet, and advertisements only displays a small part of the entire image. For instance, specialized networks for Hispanics could be very influential to people, but they could only display a small part of the culture to the masses. This large network can easily focus on certain aspects of individual Hispanic cultures that could affect the perception of several people. Similarly, it was mentioned in class how conglomerations are only a few companies who control these networks. These networks could globalize the media and possibly skew the cultural influences found in the media. With only these limited perspectives then there would be less material to learn from. However, there are other mediums that could be found within families and communities that could influence individuals to understand their culture. But at the same time, for third and fourth generation individuals the media may be one of the main sources of cultural enrichment. It becomes a slippery slope for individuals to be comprehensive of the media they become exposed to. The responsibility for them is to be active in their consumption and to question
in fact, they operate internal markets for resources in addition to commissioning a large amount of programming from private producers, and compete for audience attention” (p.51). Miller spends the chapter examining this theory by studying the history of television, labour market and globalization. At the start of television public broadcasting had the control. They were the one bringing the public information about the War that was going on. After the war, television began to become popular, and a lot of household began to obtain them.
O’Shaughnessy, M., Stadler, J. (2009)Media and Society: An introduction. Dominant Ideology and Hegemony. London: Oxford.
The. 3 June 2006. Bagdikian, Ben H. The Media Monopoly. 6th ed. of the book. Beacon P, 2000.
Everyday we encounter the media in some form. It could be waking up to the sound of the radio, or passing billboards in the streets or simply just watching television. They are a lot of different forms of media, for example, verbal or written media, visual media and aural media. Examples of media would include newspapers, magazines, film, radio, television, billboard advertisements as well as the internet. Media studies came about because of the developments in mass communication and it provokes the generation of exigent questions about what we think we know as well how we came about knowing it. There are always changes in the media and the term “media” refers to the many ways of physically forming meanings as well and carrying them. The term “media studies” on the other hand, means different courses priorities different media; different theories and different learning outcomes (Bazalgette, 2000).
What is ideology? And how can it help our understanding of media? There are many different theories as to what ideology is, from being about people’s beliefs and how people see themselves in the world. In this essay I shall be looking at different theorists and how each of their theories helps us to understand what ideology is, and how ideology can help us to understand media.
Media is the most powerful sector of an economy. It is a tool to maintain a balanced society which is characterized by well informed people, effective democracy and social justice. In fact, media has unparallel influence on all aspects of human life in modern times.
The power of the mass media has once become so powerful that its undoubtedly significant role in the world today stays beyond any questions. It is so strong that even politics uses it as a means of governing in any country around the world. The mass media has not only political meaning but also it conveys wide knowledge concerning all possible aspects of human beings’ lives and, what is utterly true, influences on people’s points of view and their attitude to the surrounding environment. It is completely agreeable about what kind of virtues the mass media is supposed to accent. Nevertheless, it is not frequent at all that the media provides societies with such a content, which is doubtful in terms of the role consigned to it. Presenting violence and intolerance as well as shaping and manipulating public are only a few examples of how the role of mass media is misunderstood by those who define themselves as leading media makers.
Finally, observing the traditional organizations and how they used to associate themselves to the physical forms by which they distributed their products – television broadcasting company, radio broadcasting company, newspaper, book or magazine publisher. Recently, these media firms had to restructure their business in order to be successful in this digital world. Hence, they had to widen their delivery medium rather than limiting it, and be exploiters of content wherever content is available to be exploited.