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The Saga of the Tigua Indians
The Saga of the Tigua Indians is an amazing one. By all reasoning they should have been wiped out long ago. There quiet defiance to change, however, has carried them through. From the height of civilization to near extinction the Tigua have remained. They endure imprisonment by the Spanish, oppression and manipulation by everyone that followed. This is the story of a people thought to extinct, that are once again learning to survive.
Early histories of the Tigua Indians are conflicting and largely untrue. Since 1680 it had been believed that the Tiguas were traitors to the Pueblo Nation, and had chose sides with the Spanish during the Pueblo Revolt. Upon the Spanish retreat south it was believed that the Tiguas chose to flea with the Spanish Military. The truth of their migration south is somewhat different. The Tigua are direct descendants of the Pueblo Indians of Isleta, New Mexico. There name Tigua, or Tiwa, refers to the dialect that they speak. Long before they founded Isleta, however, they were the inhabitants of a much more spectacular home; the fabled city of Gran Quivira, the golden city that drew the interest of Coronado. By 800 A.D. the city covered seventeen acres. T its height it had twenty housing projects built in the form of towering apartments, when most of Europe was nothing but primitive tribes. Terraces, garden apartments, churches, workshops and kitchens separated these projects. The masons were so skilled that the stones required no cement, and the carpenters cut wood in a way that the beams required no nails. When the Spanish finally found this city of legends they ere so impressed that they called it Pueblo de los Humanas, or the City of Human Beings. Then they went about destroying the city and the people forcing them into exile. This marked the beginning of centuries of abuse. From relocation to theft the Tiguas were to become the plaything of Europeans and Americans alike.
In 1680 the majority of the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico staged a revolt against the Spanish. On the whole the Tigua did not join the revolt. Some believe this is an indication that the Tigua were loyal to the cross and to Spain. This is not entirely accurate. As the southernmost pueblo, location probably had more to do with the fate of the Tigua then anything. The news of this revolt led by an Indian named Pope had...
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...se. The tribe is currently building many welfare programs, educational programs, establishing health benefits, plus laying aside money to distribute to the entire tribe. The money is currently collecting interest in a trust until the Bureau of Indian Affairs gives approval to a distribution plan. The lawsuits to reclaim the land have been put on hold. The Tigua are getting what they want through the casino. They are by choice quietly buying land that is legally theirs anyway. Though they are the rightful owners, the Tigua do not wish to make a big scene. They prefer to achieve economic independence on their own, hopefully reducing the chances of being taken advantage of again. Only six full-blooded Tigua remain, and they still plow and keep their traditional lands. They continue to teach children and grandchildren how to be Tigua.
Works Cited
1. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Archives (the Tigua file. / (S.l. / 1992-1993
FILM 22,186 REEL 1 Center for American History
FILM 22,186 REEL 2 Center for American History
FILM 22,186 REEL 3 Center for American History
2. Exiled : the Tigua Indians of Ysleta del Sur. Randy Lee Eickhoff.
Plano, Texas, Republic of Texas Press, 1996.
When the people first arrived the climate was cold and dry; and there were not many rivers, lakes and creeks. There was about twenty Timucua villages just in the Duval county area. And most of the villages were located two miles apart. Most of their village were near water so that they can have easy access to it. There was a lot of Timucua Indians throughout Jacksonville, they were very different and courageous. I would have loved to see a couple of the Indian ancestors.
This revolt actually caught the governor, Captain-General Don Antonio de Otermin off guard. In a letter written by Otermin to Fray Francisco de Ayeta he described how the events unfolded. Otermin described how he had caught word of a plot designed by the Pueblo to overthrow the Spanish. Otermin did not disclose how he discovered it; however it is possible that some of the loyal Pueblos heard of it and informed him that the uprising was going to happen. While a large portion of the Pueblo population had begun following El Pope long before the uprising there were still many who were loyal to the Spanish settlers and leaders. Once Otermin heard ...
Differences between cultures are not something new. Many of us can still see it in our daily lives. Four hundred years ago two very distinctly different cultures clashed in what we call the American Southwest. The Spanish presence brought new ideas, new culture, and new way of life to the new found Americas much to the demise of the already settled native tribes. Already having controlled much of Mexico and South America, problems were rising in the outskirts of New Spain. Secular and religious authorities were in conflict and the ever growing animosity of its aboriginal tribe made it difficult to maintain Spanish control. Though, for four generations the Spaniards had begun to feel successful in their endeavors of New Mexico. In early August, the sedentary and nomadic tribes banned together and overthrow the Spanish authority. There are many angles needed to be addressed in order to see why this happened. Historians and anthropologists have been trying to go beyond the bias history to uncover what happen. In the book “What Caused the Pueblo Revolt of 1680”, historians try to answer this question, some theories hold more pull then others in terms of what and why. Through reading this anthology I believe the revolt happened for cultural and religious reasons because the Spaniards were threatening the indigenous people’s very way of life through violence, exploitation of land/resources (food), and demoralization of their old ways and practices.
At first, it seemed like the Spanish had total control of the city, but trouble soon broke out. In May 1520, Cortes briefly left the city. Ignorantly, his men, for some odd reason, attacked the Aztec. "Those Idiots!" I bet Cortes would have exclaimed as he came back to find his men being besieged in Moctezuma's palace. Cortes, being quite the intelligent thinker, thought that calming them would be the best way out of the situation.
The Cahuilla were a Native Southern Californian tribe that occupied the Riverside County, Higher Palomar Mountain Region and East Colorado Desert. The tribe was divided into two groups or moieties know as Wildcats or Coyotes. The Cahuilla lived in small clans that varied in population, and together all the separate clans made up a larger political group called a sib ”http://www.aguacaliente.org/content/History%20&%20Culture/.” The tribe was at first considered to be very simple and savage because they were never interacted with. As the Europeans and Spanish Missionaries considered the desert an inhospitable place that was better to avoid because of its lack of food resources. Little did those European and Spanish missionaries know that the land was ripe with food, only if you knew the land and the seasons. The Cahuilla were a very interesting tribe that cared and loved their land and in return the land would provide them with an abundance of food and resources. The Cahuilla had a very simple yet intricate life that involved a seasonal migration in order to gain access to different foods. They relied on different ways of acquiring food which involved both hunting and gathering.
Although still very inexperienced, in 1497 Vasco da Gama was chosen to lead the first expedition to India. He took four vessels to embark on the journey with him, including his own flagship the St. Gabriel. He chose to sail south along the prevailing winds of Africa in hopes of the journey taking less time than it should. After a few months of his travels, Vasco and his crew arrived at what is now known as Mozambique because the majority of his crew had come down with scurvy. Consequently, they had to reside there for nearly an entire month to rest and repair. Eventually, Vasco and
In historical times it was linked to rich lifestyles heavy in meat and alcohol, it was often referred to as “disease of the kings” for this reason. In recent times it has been discovered which particular foods and lifestyles trigger gout. In most cases it is caused by too much uric acid in the blood,. An excess of uric acid is also known as hyperuricemia. This surplus of uric acid can lead to a build up of fluid surrounding the joints which form small crystals inside and around the joints. Gout typically results from genetic and environmental factors (Rheumatology (2009) 48 (suppl 2): ii2-ii8). These crystals cause intense pain, inflammation and swelling, this can be very debilitating to the sufferer. Symptoms of gout develop very quickly over a period of hours and can remain for between three and ten days, after this attack the joint usually returns to normal. Certain treatments however can alleviate symptoms. While Gout has an affinity for the toes, it can affect any joint. Besides the toes, it is most common in the ankles, knees and fingers. Fortunately Gout can be controlled be medications, lifestyle and dietary changes. Despite the genetic link to the development of gout, many lifestyle changes can aid in the
A result is a high frequency of secondary infections. More specific therapy, for example, allopurinol and colchicine in gout, is dependent on knowledge of the precise biochemical mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Researchers are also studying the use of drugs that act on the nervous system. Despite the wear-and-tear origin of degenerative joint disease, it, too, may respond well to so-called anti-inflammatory drugs. Perhaps they are primarily acting as analgesics (pain-killers), or they may act by decreasing the secondary inflammation that follows joint trauma. Franklin Mullinax
It’s possible that you may have not heard of the ancient indigenous South American tribes under
The Great Pueblo revolt of 1680 all started with the droughts of 1660 when the Southwest had severe drought that brought famine and disease. During this, hungry Apaches who couldn’t find food on plains attacked the pueblos. This angered the people on the pueblos, but there new leader Pope’, a mysterious medicine doctor, tried to keep the Indian beliefs around and resisted the Christian religion. The Spaniards hated this, so they captured his older brother. This enraged Pope’ against the Spaniards so he held meetings to tell everybody that the Spaniards must leave. The Spaniards found out about this and arrested Pope, publicly flogged him and released him back to the pueblos. When he was captured, the pueblo people set fires in the Indian villages in New Mexico. To take care of the fires, the Spaniards sent troops to halt the ritual of setting the fires by pueblo people, and they arrested all of the medicine doctors, killing several of them. The people believed that the doctors protected them from evil, so all of the pueblo towns wanted to unite against the Spaniards. The group from the pueblos went to the governor of Santa Fe and told him that if the doctors that were imprisoned weren’t released by sundown, all of the Spaniards in New Mexico would be killed. They released the prisoners because the Indians outnumber the Spaniards by a huge amount.
In schools, students are being taught wrong information. “Our gods were vanquished after the fall of Tenochtitlan as were our traditions. Our warriors and nobles were eradicated, our children starved and our women ravished by the white conquerors and their allies.” (157). In books across America, the Spaniards were said to be good people, but the way that Huitzitzilin described what happened, shows the complete opposite of how the Spaniards actually were.
Although da Gama’s discovery of the trade route to India proved a tragedy for Indians in later years, he succeeded in creating a path for future explorers to follow while expanding the knowledge of the world. His expedition proved that any journey or goal, be it land or sea, could be accomplished with instilled will and unwavering determination. As quoted by da Gama himself
There are many misconceptions about diet and gout. It is commonly thought that foods such as citrus foods cause gout. However, there is no evidence that this could be true. What is known is that some foods appear to trigger attacks of gout. Such foods contain high levels of purines, a compound that can be converted into uric acid in the body. One-third of the purine the body handles comes from your diet, implying that the chance of getting gout may be reduced if less purine is eaten. Not all purine rich foods are thought to cause gout. Vegetables such as asparagus, mushrooms, cauliflower and spinach are rich in purines but appear less likely to cause gout than diets containing red meat and seafood (shellfish).
When someone “friends you” on Facebook, it doesn’t automatically mean that you have some special relationship with that person. In reality it really doesn’t mean that you now have the intimacy and familiarity that you have with some offline friends. And research shows that people don’t commonly accept friend requests from or send them to people they don’t really know, favoring instead to have met a person at least once (Jones). A key part of interpersonal communication is impression management, and some methods of new media allow people more tools for presenting themselves than others. SNSs in many ways are podiums for self-presentation. Even more than blogs, web pages, and smartphones, the atmosphere on a SNS like Facebook and Twitter enables self-disclosure in a focused way and permits others who have access to ones profile to see their other friends. This merging of different groups of people that include close friends, family, acquaintances, and friends of friends, colleagues, and strangers can present issues for self-presentation. Once people have personal, professional, and academic contacts in their Facebook network the growing diversity of social media networks creates new challenges as people try to engage in impression management
With the way the world is now it should not be a surprise to anyone that social media has literally taken over the world in this day and age. From late 2008 to early 2009 the size of Facebook users doubled from 100 million to 200 million in eight months, and was already up to 400 million by early 2010. Twitter also raised its number of users in 2009 from 4.5 million to 20 million (Zandt). These numbers just show what Facebook and Twitter have accomplished. Other social media sites that are getting more and more popular are Instagram, Snapchat, Tumblr, Pinterest, and many others social media websites that people use on a daily basis. With one in four people using social media sites, such as Facebook and Twitter, it is no wonder that all of these social media websites are considered to be important (Whiteman). With a few clicks of a button or taps on a screen, a person can be connected to family and friends in every corner of the world. Social media can even allow people to see what their favorite celebrities are doing with their lives. According to Honor Whiteman,”Social media defines an array of internet sites that enable people from all over the world to interact. This can be through discussion, photos, video and audio (Whiteman).” Social media is a beast in its own right that is used by a multitude of people all over the world everyday for things such as updating their Twitter status for personal use to updating a company 's Facebook page on a weekly basis. Yes, there is no doubt about it, social media has done its share of very good things, but there is also an entire list of the negative things about using these websites that can really make a person question if they should even be on them. Af...