Introduction:
Gout is a type of inflammatory Arthritis and is the most common form, it typically results from genetic and environmental factors. Evidence suggests that cases of Gout are getting increasingly more common, and that numbers have continued to grow in recent decades. Currently Gout affects approximately every one and two in every 100. Approximately 1 in 40 people in the UK are affected. While Gout is more prevalent in men, women can also be affected. It typically affects men over thirty and women after the menopause. There is a more equal distribution among the sexes in elderly patients however (Epidemiology, risk factors, and lifestyle modifications for gout Kenneth G Saag , Hyon Choi). Gout has also been linked to certain dietary
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In historical times it was linked to rich lifestyles heavy in meat and alcohol, it was often referred to as “disease of the kings” for this reason. In recent times it has been discovered which particular foods and lifestyles trigger gout. In most cases it is caused by too much uric acid in the blood,. An excess of uric acid is also known as hyperuricemia. This surplus of uric acid can lead to a build up of fluid surrounding the joints which form small crystals inside and around the joints. Gout typically results from genetic and environmental factors (Rheumatology (2009) 48 (suppl 2): ii2-ii8). These crystals cause intense pain, inflammation and swelling, this can be very debilitating to the sufferer. Symptoms of gout develop very quickly over a period of hours and can remain for between three and ten days, after this attack the joint usually returns to normal. Certain treatments however can alleviate symptoms. While Gout has an affinity for the toes, it can affect any joint. Besides the toes, it is most common in the ankles, knees and fingers. Fortunately Gout can be controlled be medications, lifestyle and dietary changes. Despite the genetic link to the development of gout, many lifestyle changes can aid in the …show more content…
The use of natural supplementation and consumption of Gout friendly foods make this disease easier to coexist with. Herbs can be an effective way to reduce inflammation; some worth mentioning are turmeric, boswellia and devils claw. There are numerous supplements on the market designed with Gout in mind, all varying in effectivity. Some of which include; querticin - this in particular acts as a natural anti-histamine and inhibits the production of uric acid. Bromelain is also another supplement that decreases inflammation and also helps target pain. Fish oil or flax seed oil can also inhibit the production of inflammatory chemicals in the body. Cherries and their juice ar. Whether Gout will still be just as prevalent in the future is unknown, but with the advanced technology in the present day and developments for the future it remains to be seen. With the knowledge of today, there are ways of managing this disease comfortably without compromising quality of
Over pronation of the foot happens when too much weight is transferred to the medial part (the arch) of the foot. This can often be confused with plantar fasciitis. Over pronation of the foot is normally an over use injury that is developed over time. A person that goes a long period of time with this issue is putting a great deal of stress on the ligaments in the medial aspect of the ankle and this can result in a great deal of damage to them. An excess amount of damage can be con the muscles, tendons and ligaments of the ankle. Because being over pronated pulls the foot down, damage to the knees hips and back can also be caused from not being properly aligned.
Osteoarthritis: The most common form of arthritis in the UK. It mainly affects the joint cartilage and the bone tissue next to the cartilage6. It is a localised disease that commonly affects the hip and knee. Normally it is generalised, although it could be secondary to joint disease or other conditions such as obesity or hemochromatosis7.
In most cases the condition that leads to the neuropathy would need to be treated and may help control if not complete alleviate neuropathy. For example, controlling the blood sugar can reduce the neuropathy in diabetics. There are steps a person should follow at home to prevent infections. Inspecting the hands and feet on a regular basis. Never go barefoot or wear to tight fitting footwear. Decreasing or quitting smoking can help to improve the neuropathy sensations as well. There are also medications that can be prescribe to treat this condition. Anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and opioids are some oral medications that can be prescribed. There are also topical medications such as lidocaine patches or capsaicin cream can be used to decrease the pain caused by neuropathy. Physical therapy along with acupuncture have also been used to treat neuropathy.
Rheumatoid arthritis is not curable. Medications will be recommended to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, slow the progression of RA, and save joints and tissues from permanent damage (Rheumatoid Arthritis, 2017). The most common medications are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD), e.t.c. When having RA, it is important to exercise regularly, apply heat or cold to affected areas, relax, and eat healthy. Physical therapy is usually part of treatment for RA. The goal is to stimulate the bones, muscles, and joints to give them strength and flexibility (Physical Therapy for RA, n.d.). Foods that have lots of omega-3 (fish, chia seeds, flax seeds, and walnuts), high antioxidants like vitamin A, E, and C (berries, dark chocolate, spinach, kidney beans, pecans, and artichokes), and lots of fiber can help reduce inflammation (Foods that fight RA inflammation,
Diabetes mellitus, habitually referred to as diabetes is caused by a decline in insulin secretion by the cells of the pancreatic islet resulting into a surge in blood glucose concentration, a condition known as hyperglycemia. Diabetes insipidus is a disorder defined by the secretion of huge quantities of highly diluted urine, this is regardless if a reduction in fluid intake. This is as a result of a deficit of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) also known as vasopressin produced by the posterior pituitary gland. The disorder diabetes mellitus is associated by extreme reduction in weight, a higher urge for urination, also known as polyuria, higher levels of thirst (polydipsia) and an extreme craving to eat known as polyphagia. This disorder has been categorized as Type 1 or insulin dependent diabetes and Type 2 or non-insulin dependent diabetes another type is the Gestational diabetes. The Type 1 diabetes mellitus is portrayed by a deficiency of the insulin-secreting beta cells of the islets of Langerhans found in the pancreas, this leads to a shortage of insulin. The principal cause for this deficiency of beta cells is a T-cell mediated autoimmune onslaught. In children, Type1 diabetes is known as juvenile diabetes. The Type 2 diabetes mellitus is as a result of insulin resistance or diminished insulin sensitivity coupled to a reduction in insulin production.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting more than 27 million Americans (LeMone, Burke, Bauldoff, 2011). It is caused when the cartilage in the joints breaks down, causing the bones of the joint to rub against one another. This causes pain, stiffness, and loss of motion in the joint. Osteoarthritis is most prevalent in those 65 and older, but can affect those of any age. In addition, African Americans and Hispanics report a higher incidence of arthritis than Caucasians (LeMone, Burke, Bauldoff, 2011). Although the cause is unknown, it is believed that the increasing age of the population, prevalence of obesity and injuries add to the progression of the condition. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body; however, those of the hand, hip, and knee are often the most common. This condition may be asymptomatic, or may present symptoms including soreness, stiffness and pain. The symptoms are more common in the older population, those with limited activity levels, and those who are obese. Joint cartilage thins over time, causing an increased risk for symptoms in the elderly, and obesity puts extra pressure on the joints during activity. Osteoarthritis is commonly diagnosed with the use of a physical assessment along with results of radiology testing such as X-Ray and MRI.
OA is a musculoskeletal disease that causes chronic joint pain and reduced physical functioning (Laba, brien, Fransen, & jan, 2013). Osteoarthritis (OA) is a non-inflammatory disorder of synovial joints that results in loss of hyaline cartilage and remodeling of surrounding bone. OA is the single most common joint disease, with an estimated prevalence of 60% in men and 70% in women later in life after the age of 65 years, affecting an estimated 40 million people in the United States (Goodman & Fuller, 2009). Women are more commonly affected after the age of 55, almost everyone has some symptoms by the age of 70 (Tan, Zahara, Colburn & Hawkins, 2013, p.78). Osteoarthritis can be described radiological, clinical, or subjective. It commonly affects hands, hips, knees, shoulders, and the spine (Walker, 2011, p. 14). Osteoarthritis is an intrinsic defect in the joint cartilage. Caused by slowly progressive deterioration of articular cartilage that is accompanied by degenerative bony changes, including thickening of the subchondral bone cyst, and formation of large bony protrusions (osteophytes) at the joint margins. Osteoarthritis usually occurs in the large weight bearing joints such as the knees and hips, as well as some of the smaller joints in the hands and feet (Ciccone, 2007,p. 229). ). It is predicted by 2020 to become the fourth leading cause of disability globally (Laba et al., 2013, p.2). According to Juby and Davis (2011), these changing demographics with the aging of the “baby boomer” generation will likely result in an increase in the prevalence of both degenerative and inflammatory arthritis, and timely access to appropriate care and maximization of therapeutic interventions will be vital to maintain indepe...
Arthritis affects people of all age groups. More than 100 types of arthritis are known. Among these osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis having the highest incidence. One of the major causes of chronic debilitation in industrialized nations is Osteoarthritis which results from damage to the joints, which may be due to trauma, infection, or age-related wear. Rheumatoid arthritis is encountered less frequently than osteoarthritis and is estimated to affect around one per cent of the world’s population. Amongst patients of Rheumatoid arthritis, women are three times more likely to be affected by this condition than men. This condition is caused by an inflammatory process where the body starts attacking itself. Rheumatoid arthritis also affects several joints, with inflammation sometimes seen in and around the lungs, the heart, the eyes and the skin. The most commonly reported complaint by arthritis patients is pain. The pain might be from the joint itself and be a result of inflammation, damage from the disease, or through daily wear and tear. Muscle pain is also common and is caused by having to force movements against stiff and painful joints. Although range of movement in the affected joint may be limited and uncomfortable, physical exercise has been shown to benefit those with arthritis. Physical therapy has been shown to significantly improve function, decrease pain in the long term and delay the need for surgery in advanced cases. The majority of arthritis cases occur among theelderly, however the disease can occur in children as well. Over 70% of the population that get affected by arthritis in North America are over the age of 65 (4). The disease occurs more commonly in females than males in all races, age groups, and ethn...
It is still unknown what the cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis is but there are some theories that have not been proven. The oldest theory states that viruses and bacteria are the cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Now with all the research being done, scientists believe that Rheumatoid Arthritis is hereditary. Specific genes have been found to make people more likely to get Rheumatoid Arthritis. Some scientists also think that some environmental factors and infections might cause the immune system to attack. Contributing factors are smoking and being exposed to silica metal. So although the exact causes are unknown, the result is that the immune system is ready to make the joins and tissues inflamed by activating immune cells.
A result is a high frequency of secondary infections. More specific therapy, for example, allopurinol and colchicine in gout, is dependent on knowledge of the precise biochemical mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Researchers are also studying the use of drugs that act on the nervous system. Despite the wear-and-tear origin of degenerative joint disease, it, too, may respond well to so-called anti-inflammatory drugs. Perhaps they are primarily acting as analgesics (pain-killers), or they may act by decreasing the secondary inflammation that follows joint trauma. Franklin Mullinax
Rheumatic fever is a disease that can occur following bacterial infection with Group A Streptococcus. Predisposing infections also include strep throat tonsillitis and skin infections, such as impetigo, caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Overall, rheumatic fever is rare in Australia; however, the rate of rheumatic fever amongst Indigenous Australians is much higher. Rheumatic fever is a serious condition that can lead to long-term complications, such as rheumatic heart disease.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that attacks the joints and connective tissue. Autoimmune diseases are illnesses that occur when the bodys tissue is mistakenly attacked by its own immune system. The immunes system is primarly organized to look for infections and destroy them, patients with rheumatoid arthritis have antibodies in their blood which target their own tissue which leads to inflammation. RA is basically a chronic syndrome that is characterized by inflammation of the peripheral joints, but it may also involve the lungs, the heart, the blood vessels and eyes.
6. The physician orders cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) 100 mg/m2/day orally in two divided doses. D.W. weighs 140 pounds and is 5 feet, 4 inches tall. How much will she receive with each dose?
Arthritis occurs when the body incorrectly identifies its own tissue as foreign matter and attacks it. Arthritis includes a set of more than eighty autoimmune diseases. Arthritis attacks connective tissues and joints. It causes stiffness, pain, inflammation, and swelling of the joints. Some kinds are crippling, but rarely leads to death. There are many different kinds of arthritis, the main ones being Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis; others include gout and ankylosing spodylitis.
Vitamin-C deficiency causes scurvy which results in bleeding of gums. This disease can be cured by taking plenty of Vitamin-C rich fruits like lemon, orange, guava, amla, etc. Some fruits like papaya and vegetables like carrot are rich in vitamin A which is essential for eyes to prevent night blindness. In addition, the fruits and vegetables , particularly their juices provide instant energy to children, weak or old persons and patients too, as they can be digested easily.