The relatively new discovery of superconductors has the potential to become a revolutionary discovery that will have major impacts on key fields of society. Superconductors are formed when substances are cooled to extremely low temperatures, at which point electrons are able to flow freely without friction. Without friction, the loss of energy through the material is nonexistent. Because of this property, electric current will have the ability to flow forever in a loop of superconducting substance. However, the temperature at which superconductivity is achieved is very difficult to reach, without spending excess amounts of energy. The point at which superconductivity is reached is called superconducting transition temperature; these temperatures are very low making it hard to reach. One unforeseen discovery was that ceramics were able to reach superconductivity at substantially higher temperatures than metals. Originally discovered by J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Muller, ceramics obtained high-temperature superconductivity, with the highest recorded temperature at 138 K, a temperature tha...
Ewald Georg von Kleist is a German scientist who created the capacitor in November of 1745. Regrettably, Kleist did not have the proper paper work to claim in the records that the design of the capacitor was his idea. Many months later, a Dutch professor named Pieter van Musschenbroek created the Leyden jar, the world’s first capacitor (on record). It was a simple jar that was half filled with water and metal above it. A metal wire was connected to it and that wire released charges. Benjamin Franklin created his own version of the Leyden jar, the flat capacitor. This was the same experiment for the more part, but it had a flat piece of glass inside of the jar. Michael Faraday was the first scientist to apply this concept to transport electric power over a large distance. Faraday created the unit of measurement for a capacitor, called Farad.
The molar specific heats of most solids at room temperature and above are nearly constant, in agreement with the Law of Dulong and Petit. At lower temperatures the specific heats drop as quantum processes become significant. The Einstein-Debye model of specific heat describes the low temperature behavior.
Nikola Tesla was a Serbian American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer and physicist. He was also considered an eccentric genius and recluse. Tesla is best known for his feud with Thomas Edison over AC power Versus DC Power. He was also well known for inventing the Tesla Coil which is still used in radio technology today. Nikola Tesla was mostly forgotten until the 1990’s when there was a resurgence of interest in popular culture.
Tesla Motors Case Study Tesla Motors is a company that produces and sells automobiles. Tesla is not an old automobile company. Tesla specializes in all electric cars that run 100 percent on battery and focuses on the future. Tesla is looking into the future and realizes that fossil fuels will eventually run out. Tesla is moving toward a zero-emission future for the better.
direct conversion of heat into electric energy, or vice versa. The term is generally restricted to the irreversible conversion of electricity into heat described by the English physicist James P. Joule and to three reversible effects named for Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson, their respective discoverers. According to Joule’s law, a conductor carrying a current generates heat at a rate proportional to the product of the resistance (R) of the conductor and the square of the current (I). The German physicist Thomas J. Seebeck discovered in the 1820s that if a closed loop is formed by joining the ends of two strips of dissimilar metals and the two junctions of the metals are at different temperatures, an electromotive force, or voltage, arises that is proportional to the temperature difference between the junctions. A circuit of this type is called a thermocouple; a number of thermocouples connected in series is called a thermopile. In 1834 the French physicist Jean C. A. Peltier discovered an effect inverse to the Seebeck effect: If a current passes through a thermocouple, the temperature of one junction increases and the temperature of the other decreases, so that heat is transferred from one junction to the other. The rate of heat transfer is proportional to the current and the direction of transfer is reversed if the current is reversed. The Scottish scientist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) discovered in 1854 that if a temperature difference exists between any two points of a current-carrying conductor, heat is either evolved or absorbed depending upon the material. (This heat is not the same as Joule heat, or I2R heat, which is always evolved.) If heat is absorbed by such a circuit, then heat may be evolved if the direction of the current or of the temperature gradient is reversed.
Superconductivity, a similar phenomenon, was discovered in 1911 by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. When he cooled some mercury down to liquid helium temperatures, it began to conduct electricity with no resistance at all. People began experimenting with other metals, and found that many tranisition metals exhibit this characteristic of 0 resistance if cooled sufficiently. Superconductors are analagous to superfluids in that the charges within them move somewhat like a superfluid - with no resistance through sections of extremely small cross-sectional area. Physicists soon discovered that oxides of copper and other compounds could reach even higher superconducting temperatures. Currently, the highest temperature at wich a material can be superconductive is 138K, and is held by the compound Hg0.8Tl0.2Ba2Ca2Cu3O8.33.
Graphene has received great mass media coverage since Geim and Novoselov published their foundlings about monocrystalline graphitic films in 2004, which won them the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010. (Novoselov et al, 2004) It has been described as the wonder substance or super material by the mass media, not only because it is the thinnest material ever known and the strongest ever measured, but also due to its excellent electrical, thermal, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties. It has high specific surface area, high chemical stability, high optical transmittance, high elasticity, high porosity, tunable band gap, and ease of chemical functionalization which helps in tuning its properties (Geim et al, 2007) Moreover, graphene has a multitude of amazing properties such as half-integer room-temperature quantum Hall effect (Novoselov et al, 2007), long-range ballistic transport with almost ten times greater electron mobility than that of silicon, and availability of charge carriers that behave as massless relativistic quasi particle, known as Dirac fermions. (Geim et al, 2007) The outstanding electrical conductivity and the transparency and flexibility of graphene-based material have led to research and development of some future technologies, such as flexible and wearable electronics. In addition, graphene can also be used for efficient energy storage materials, polymer composites, and transparent electrodes. (Geim et al, 2007) This paper presents a
Have you ever seen a levitating orb? A real orb just floating in the air. This is not some magic trick, it is science. To make the orb levitate you must first know about electricity and how it works. Static electricity is what causes it to levitate.
The MMXX is Tesla’s flagship model which will be the launching face of Tesla in the U.A.E. It will lead to the image as it will be the only entirely electric luxury sedan in the marketplace starting at $120,000. It will pose as a luxury car with great performance that simply has the added benefit of being a fully electric vehicle without sacrificing style and performance. And appealing to the elite market is the MStar model starting at a price of $400,000.
Serway, Raymond A, and Robert J Beichner. Physics: For Scientists and Engineers. United States of
American Institute of Physics. Vol. 1051 Issue 1 (2008). Academic Search Premier.> 224. http://login.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=34874307&site=ehost-live.
What are Carbon Nanotubes? Carbon Nanotubes are different structural modifications of carbon. They are also cylindrical carbon molecules that have interesting properties that make them potentially very useful in many applications over many fields industry such as nanotechnology, semiconductor, optics and many other fields of materials science, as well uses in architectural area. They can exhibit extraordinary strength and amazing electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of electric current and heat. Their final usage, might may be limiting from their unknown toxicity.
Cost is a major issue also and without huge amounts of money cryonics remains a possibility only for the fairly wealthy. This class divide could prove problematic in the future but as with any new technology, it is always the well off who experience it first. There are risks involved in trusting a cryonic process but when cancer or another terminal illness decides an individuals fate… what exactly is there to lose by choosing freezing over fire or worms?
Temperature has a large effect on particles. Heat makes particles energized causing them to spread out and bounce around. Inversely the cold causes particles to clump together and become denser. These changes greatly F magnetic the state of substances and can also influence the strength of magnetic fields. This is because it can alter the flow of electrons through the magnet.
Electrodes: Are thin sheets of 6mm in length of pure-self annealed aluminium foil. Two electrodes are used in every single-phase capacitor. One electrode is positively charged, while the other is negatively charged.