The man behind the child developmental theory, Harry Stack Sullivan was born in an American family on 21 February 1892. He was an Irish-American catholic. He was the only child in his family. Sullivan’s own life incidents let him to write down a theory which will help in the psychiatric treatment with a growing child. His mother married his father beneath her status. Since his parents attained his life after lose of two infants, they were little more protective towards him especially his mother which resulted that he started losing his attachments from his father. But Sullivan’s father endured his attentions through church visits. Through church sermons about sexual Puritanism inspires him to pose the adolescent problem. Sullivan believed that a person goes through several stages in his emotional and physical development which includes sensory, muscular, locomotors, latency, and adolescent. In the face of sensory infant learns to develop trust relationships. An anxiety transferred to him at the time of his birth by his mother later on it convert into response to threat. He believed that dynamism reduces the feeling of anxiety. According to him dynamism is the way out of human fears or the needs which help in the decrement of tension. In the muscular phase or toddlerhood child learn his individuality. It is the phase which taught self determination to the kid. Most of the child’s time is spent in being loved, cared and pampered by adults, which is necessary for his development. One to three years is the era in which the process of separation from tenderness takes place gradually. Now he has to know how to deal with his fears independently. Three to six years is the stage of locomotors or preschool in which child’s ow... ... middle of paper ... ...restriction on freedom of living”. For the development of your child provide healthy environment to live in with a chance to explore them. The understanding of mental growth from infancy to childhood is necessary for remarkable interpersonal relationship; it helps in the emergence of their behavior. In the juvenile era they acquire the experiences of socialism and meet the authority figures. The epoch of adolescence introduces the feeling of their first love to them. They want to make challenges, go through intimacy and want satisfaction. In each of the above stages they go through different challenges to acquire a position of an important figure in the society. References: Joseph Palomba, Harold k. Bendicsen, Barry J. Koch (2009). Guide to Psychoanalytic developmental theories. Springer Fontane, Fletcher (2009). Mental Health Nursing (5th edition)
Eric Erikson developed eight different psychosocial stages which emphasize the lifespan development during the major periods in life. The first psychosocial stage is infancy and it embraces the age of birth to one year old. The infancy crisis is trust versus mistrust which emphasizes that if children are taken care of; they will be able to gain confidence as well as trust. In the other hand, if they developed mistrust they will develop a sense of insecurity. Erickson’s second stage is toddlerhood which embraces the ages of one to three and deals with the stage crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt. In the toddlerhood stage, toddlers are able to use mental skills and are able to start deciding for themselves. The third stage is early childhood, and it embraces the ages of three to six with the stage crisis of initiative versus guilt. During the early childhood stage children are able to gain the characteristics of ambition and responsibility and it is developed through the parent’s support. On the other hand if parents are too demanding children will develop guilt. The next stage is middle adulthood which ranges in the ages of six to eleven; children are able to develop the characteristic cooperation but, inferiority can also arise with negative experiences which can cause a stage crisis of industry versus i...
...s Processes For Psychoanalytic Theory.” Psychoanalytic Review 100.6 (2013: 881-917. Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 April 2014.
I believe Erickson’s phenomenological theory concerning the eight stages of psychosocial development was inherently designed to be very simplistic, yet impetus. Not only does Erickson’s work expand from Freud’s psychosexual stages of development but it has improved and broadened the concept and understanding (my opinion) of childhood development from a conscious perspective, thereby betiding core conflicts as a framework to support therapists for making appropriate interventions. Erickson’s stages seem to have built upon a systematic biological foundation of development. It makes sense. In life we all go through stages of life from conception to birth to adulthood and thus eldership. His theory demonstrates basic chronological characteristics.
It is inevitable, children and adults constantly evolve and the evolution of this population requires an ongoing scientific investigation (Eberbach & Crowley, 2009). The scientific investigation of the evolution of children and adults is described as developmental psychology. Developmental psychologists establish theories of developmental trajectories, interpersonal, intrapersonal, emotional, and cognitive processing. Moreover, developmental psychologists endeavor to provide descriptive and expository research to enhance client and professional development (Machery, 2011).
Papalia, D. E., & Feldman, R. D., (1975-2011). A Child’s World: Infancy through Adolescence. (12thed.)In M. Campbell & H. Paulsen (Eds.), Psychological Development in Adolescence (pg. 463) New York, NY: Mcgraw-Hill.
Papalia, Diane E, Sally W. Olds, and Ruth D. Feldman. A Child's World: Infancy Through Adolescence. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print. The author is a child development and psychology professor. This is an anthology with strictly objective information. The content is broken down into physical, cognitive, and psychosocial developments of different stages of childhood.
Erikson believes a person’s personality changes throughout their lifespan and primarily focuses on ego. Furthermore, ego is a person’s sense of self-importance or self- acceptance. This is a major factor when discussing personality because how we perceive ourselves, reflects onto others. Erikson’s eight stages of psychological development consist of infancy, early childhood, preschool, middle school, adolescence, young adulthood, middle age and old age. He indicates that during each stage of life a person experiences a psychological crisis, which could aid in a negative or positive result. During the infancy stage, the psychological crisis is trust vs. mistrust, meaning total dependence on the mother or father. If either or both parents show love and attention, then the child will develop trust, or otherwise mistrust if neglected. Early childhood, around the ages two to three years old a child becomes more mobile and shows signs of independence. The caregivers will either assist the child in all their needs or wait patiently as they figure them out on their own. Erikson distinguishes the importance of allowing children to face their own challenges with the tolerance of failure. This will provide the willingness to push through hard times and overcome adversity. Stage 3, initiative vs. guilt describes the interaction between other children and their ability to make decisions. A child will initiate activity with others continuously when he or she feels secure. Nevertheless, when children are told ‘no’ they react with feelings of guilt. The fourth stage of Erikson’s theory begins to explain inferiority. In this stage, a student will be introduced to teachers who become a major part of a child’s psychological development. With encouragement, children will feel confident in themselves, whereas negative reinforcement may cause self-doubt. Identity vs.
This approach has become the stimulus for a number of similar theories which share the same assumptions on psychological development, yet differ in detail. (Gross, R, 2007) Erik Erikson, a neo-freudian himself accepted Freud’s theory but whereas the psychodynamic approach focuses on five main stages of development until adulthood, Erikson theorised that development is lifelong and continues throughout life until death. (Psychology for A Level 2000)
Erik Erikson introduced us to eight stages of development that happens over a person’s lifespan. At each stage, there is a developmental task with a crisis that will need to be resolved to successfully go through that stage development. During these tasks, vulnerability is increased and there is enhanced potential. If the task is handled successfully, then we can see healthy development occurring. This idea of people going through different stages helps to explain why people develop differently and how one develops during childhood can directly affect how they will be and/or act during later years in life. This paper will examine my personal
The two theories that will be discussed throughout this paper are Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development and Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development. The major themes and concepts of the two theories share both differences and similarities. Specific emphasis will be placed on the earliest years of life and will also be related to separation, individuation, and attachment theory.
When comparing the work of Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget two things come to mind, they both had a lasting and profound impact on the field of psychology and both received a great amount of criticism regarding their theories. Freud is considered the founder of psychoanalysis, which is based on childhood development and psychosexual stages. Piaget was the top developmentalist of the 1960s and 1970s. His theory of cognitive development was as well studied as Freud's theory of psychosexual development was a generation before. While they both had many criticisms of their work, both Freud and Piaget influenced their respective fields of psychology so much that today their thoughts and concepts are still studied and referenced everyday. Freud’s theories have revolutionized how we think. The impact Piaget has had on developmental psychology has guided social norms of human development and education. This essay will compare and contrast the theories of Freud and Piaget.
Kerig, P., & Wenar, C. (2006). Developmental psychopathology from infancy through adolescence. (5th ed.). Mcgraw Hill.
Throughout our life, it can be marked by developmental changes in every domain of life: our physical, cognitive, social, personalities, and morals. Due to some important researchers such as Erickson, Freud, Piaget we are able to understand the development of each of these domains. Each stage of it’s life has it’s own difficulties and events that can determine a person’s life (Mogler, 2008). During the stages of adolescence, they are very vulnerable to a lot going on in their life such as fitting in, peers, family, school, activities, and society, and not to forget the ups and downs of puberty. Adolescence can be viewed as a huge part of many children’s lives where in this part of their life they try to find teenagers experience physical, cognitive,
Adolescence the most important life course in the adolescent’s human development, during this stage many juveniles experience different emotions, transitions and cognitive dissonance. Juveniles experience many changes thought this age especially many physical changes in which their might experience confusions. One important theory concern is Erik Erikson theory of human psychosocial development. This theory states that human development must meet eight stages in order to transition into the next stage. According to Cvanaugh, and Kail (2014) argued that “adolescents face a crisis between identity and role confusion.” (p.240). In addition, adolescent’s experience many biological, physiological and cognitive changes that affect thee adolescent’s
...interact with their caregivers and through interaction not only their cognitive abilities are shaped by also their personality and behaviour in later stage of their life (Triandis & Suh, 2002). The essay is considering the background that social relation flourishes, namely interaction child – adult and peer relations. Through their early experiences with others, children develop their understanding of the world. By simple activities that are carried out on daily basis between children and caregivers, children are able to gain the meaning of new techniques and learning strategies, they expand their existing knowledge and experience new things. The interesting aspect is to elaborate on social interaction within different groups of children. Although the cognitive abilities may not fully develop in every child, social interaction encourages and prompts the progress.