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Gender bias in media
How are women misrepresented in the media
Gender bias in media
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Based on reading the chapter, sexuality is a very controversial subject. In reading the chapter, the Social-Conflict Theory especially stood out to me as evidence of sexuality being constructed by society. This theory "links sexuality to social inequality." This means that, in some cases, men dominate over women by making them out to be sexual objects (Feminist Theory). This shapes sexuality because some women begin to seek a level of equality, which may end up being with a female. If this is the case, society has shaped these individuals because they don't want to be looked at as sexual objects. One way that men make women sexual objects is by looking at pornography. The book hits the nail on the head when it says pornography "typically shows …show more content…
Another way that sexuality is constructed by society is the media. A lot of times magazines portray the "perfect" man or the "perfect" as skinny, perfect, and worthy to be sexualized. The book further proves this when it says "placing pressure on women to look good to men and to define life success in terms of attracting men with their sexuality." Even in that statement, it is clear that society pushes the heterosexual agenda. This may be confusing, but society believes that a man should love a woman, and a woman should love a man. Anything different is viewed as taboo or immoral. Some countries have even taken sexuality into their own hands by biologically altering young females so that they cannot reproduce, out of fear of sexual immorality. This sounds terrifying but again proves that society places strict limits on who can mate with who, and what genders can be with each other. Another personal example of how sexuality is constructed by a society that doesn't come out a lot in the book is the bullying that comes with being queer. For most of middle school, I claimed to be
One’s sexuality is undeniably a major part of who they are as an individual. The sexuality of characters plays a major role throughout the book and this is used to show how society
A pornographic world [What is normal] by Robert Jensen takes an inside look at the culture of masculinity and what role pornography takes in shaping that culture. Jensen describes how he was forced to play a “macho” role as a child out of fear of being bullied and ridiculed for not being manly enough. Pornography use started for him and his friends in grade school – they would steal magazines and hide them to share in a group later. He talks of how he learned of a social concept, called the “ideal of prostitution” (the notion of men “buying” women in various forms of undress, solely for their pleasure), at a young age. While there has always been a stigma around pornography, whether stemming from moral or religious reasons, Jenson continued to use porn until his 30s.
Sexuality has often been confused with pornography. It has been trivialised as something that is a denigration and denial of true feeling by sensationalising genuine expressivism.
Over the past couple centuries that the United States has existed, society has always had a judgement to make on one’s sexuality. At the head of society has consistently been white, Christian, hetereosexual males; therefore, they had the power to define sexual and societal norms. As a result, judgements on one’s sexuality have always intersected with one’s race, class or gender, groups of people that are not dominating society.
This could relate as well to how sexual acts are perceived. Notice the common theme of deviance throughout the two excerpts. As described before, Alfred Kinsey, a well-regarded sex researcher of the 20th century, researched the borders between normalcy and deviance, noting that deviance is a societal construct that was used to control sexuality. Researcher Gayle Rubin even constructed a sex hierarchy, a charmed circle consisting of good, normal and natural sexuality versus that of what is seen as deviant, bad, unnatural and damned, naming things such as BDSM, homosexuality, and non-marital sex and so on. Though, it can be argued that these hierarchies aren’t obscene in any means, but rather dependent on the individual to label as they see fit.
Walmart can be studied using structure functional theory and social conflict theories. Social functional theory is the relationships among parts of society and how these parts are functional(have beneficial consequences) or dysfunctional (have negative consequences. Most Americans today love to shop at Walmart because they continue to give consumers the best prices on over 120,000 products and are one stop shopping.
Conflict management is the process of removing all the negative aspects of conflict while increasing the positive aspects of conflict. Conflict management tied in with the movie, Ordinary People. The Jarrett family dealt with many conflicts as the loss of their son passed. Conflict management could’ve helped the Jarretts so they could let out all of their pain they were keeping inside. All the Jarretts dealt with the conflict/pain with silence or violence. Conrad dealt with pain with silence by not talking to any of his family members or therapist and violence by lashing out at random points to his mother (Beth Jarrett). Beth dealt with pain with silence by not talking to Conrad because she doesn’t feel connected and violence by yelling at Conrad for not telling her, he quit the swim team. Calvin dealt with the pain with silence by constantly being distracted by scenes from the night of the accident and violence blaming it all on Beth.
According to Rubin’s model, “good” sexual acts include heterosexual, married, monogamous, procreative, in private, and vanilla. Characteristics of “bad” sexual acts include homosexual, non-procreative, pornographic, and sadomasochistic. Only sex acts that are on the “good” side of the line are aligned with morality. This model assumes the domino theory of sexual peril, which is the belief that “the line between “good” and “bad” sex stand between sexual order and chaos” (Rubin 14). If certain aspects of “bad” sex are allowed to cross the erotic barrier, then other “reprehensible” acts would follow and chaos would ensue. The domino theory of sexual peril and this notion that some sex are moral while others are immoral further adds into the discourse of oppressive powers. “It grants virtue to the dominant groups, and relegates vice to the underprivileged” (15). This means that institutions of powers could be scapegoating sexual deviances as the problem while ignoring the real issues of society. One example of this was the anti-porn movement during the late 1970s. S/M porn was especially criticized because it is thought that
Sexuality in society can be learned by two ways: by looking at it from an individual perspective or looking at society as a whole.
Group conflicts is a common feature associated with all kind of social organization. Intergroup conflicts occurs between different groups of people who are competing for dominance. Groups are more aggressive and competitive than individual persons. This conflict is evident with the delinquent adolescence boys in the detention camp who were members of different local gangs. Competition is the main source of these conflicts and to be specific is for valuable resources and respect in a community according to the relative deprivation theory. Group conflicts are very dangerous and statistically it is estimated that over 100 million people died of these conflicts between the years 1916-1964.
Realistic Conflict Theory As one of the oldest social psychology theories, the Realistic Conflict Theory deals with the conflict and hostility that is projected to arise between individuals or groups competing over the same limited resources. Therefore, as a resource, opportunity, or even goal, becomes harder to obtain, the amount of aggression is projected to increase as well. This theory is not only visible in many everyday situations, but it also establishes a basis for which discrimination and prejudice can be partly explained. The initial study of this theory was conducted in a three-step experiment.
The realistic group conflict theory proposes that whenever there are two or more groups seeking the same limited resources, there will be an escalation towards conflict (Sherif, Harvey, White, Hood, & Sherif, 1961). This conflict can be in various forms including negative stereotypes, negative beliefs, and discrimination between the groups. The groups will form their own interpretations of “ingroups” and “outgroups.” The interpretations then become fuel for competitive action over any limited resources. This action is motivated by their thoughts, which they also deem as “rational” (Houghton, 170). This was tested by Muzafer Sherif with subjects being randomly assigned to groups, and all the participants were without psychological abnormalities. As ethnicity did not have a direct role in his experiment, it is possible to draw from his results, if only with a certain degree of confidence in its relation to national groups.
This training program is designed to explore the causes and approaches in the resolution of conflict and to assist participants in gaining a better understanding of the concepts of the two aspects of Conflict Management. Participants are able to integrate a deeper understanding of the concepts behind the sources of conflict, and the different conflict resolution techniques especially relating to organizational conflicts and apply it appropriately to conflict situations.
Society is one of the corporeal that plays a major role in a homosexual’s life. If you go into public schools, you will see this behavior is becoming more prevalent. Not to mention, the attraction of same sex even start as early as elementary schools. Therefore, young children experiment with same sex interaction, and if the parents don’t address this interaction this could potentially carry over into adulthood. If fact, society makes it appears this is a chosen lifestyle. Additionally, this lifestyle is heavily influence by the radio, television, and peers. Often, young children grow up with this in the household. Some may say that homosexuality is inherit, in addition, it caused by poor parenting. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge on homosexuality. Consequently, some people may think that homosexuality is a disease that is contagious. In addition, many people frowned upon people that are
Sexuality has always an issue of conflict and debate. Who controls sexuality, and is male and female sexuality really distinguishable. People have always been having sex; for reproduction and for pleasure. Even though it is a women’s and a man’s rightful claim to this intercourse women tend to feel as if sexuality is against them. This would also be contingent on the type on society one lives in. In some societies the mere topic of sex is tabooed and the subject is not confronted with clarity, meanwhile in other societies it is encouraged, praised, and advocated to speak about it openly. Sexuality in The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood was one that was tabooed and against the strict, empowering rules of the Gilead state. Sex was forbidden for men and women; but women were the ones who reproduced the babies. Therefore, they were forced into having sex with no pleasure to conceive children. In Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, sex for only sexual pleasure is what society actually strived at. The feeding of the physical as being more essential than anything else that can bring about happiness and repress the truth.