Literature Review
Relationship between bullying and self-esteem Bullying comes in many forms. Some research indicate that bullying can be physical, verbal, relational and cyber (Jankauskiene, Kardeliene, Kardelis and Sukys 2008; Wang, Iannotti and Nansel 2010; Brito and Oliveira 2013). Other research has further categorized bullying into two subtypes: direct and indirect bullying (Dukes, Stein and Zane 2009; Hong, Kral and Sterzing 2014). As the name indicates, direct bullying involves physical aggression/violence, hitting, kicking and so on. Indirect bullying comprises of spreading rumors, teasing, harassing, threatening, excluding and verbally insulting someone. Different research defines the forms of bullying in various manners. Although
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In the study conducted by Raskauskas, it was hypothesized and found that students who were bullied or victimized on several occasions showed higher numbers of low self-esteem, depressive symptoms and self-blame attributions compared to students who did not experience any form of bullying (2010). Several studies have demonstrated how bullying has negatively impacted one’s psychosocial health as well. This includes self-esteem, relationships with teachers and family, happiness, appearance, alcohol use and smoking (Jankauskiene, Kardeliene, Kardelis and Sukys, 2008). Moreover, Hong, Kral and Sterzing (2014) reported that bullying victims are at an increased risk of low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, loneliness and hopelessness which in turn have been identified as vulnerability factors for suicide. Although these factors have been identified, further longitudinal research needs to be conducted in order to understand the depth of how these psychosocial factors can lead to …show more content…
Research consistently validates the association between low self-esteem and victimization of bullying (Hong, Kral and Sterzing, 2014). According to the study conducted by Kirkham and O’Moore (2000) in primary and post-primary school, it was found that bullies and victims have low self-esteem when compared with their peers who have never been bullied and have neither bullied. The study further analyzed self-esteem and found that other factors such as physical appearance, happiness, academic performance, relationship with parents and so on have an effect on bullying (Kirkham and O’Moore, 2000). These issues affect one’s self-esteem because it is a part of their everyday living. If these are not positive reinforcements in one’s life, it can lead to low
Bullying is an ongoing form of aggression characterized by intent, repetition and an inequity of power (Ma, Stewin & Mah, 2001). It is expressed through a variety of methods including physical, verbal, cyber, and relational. While it can be either overt or covert it is usually proactive, since bullies tend to seek victims without provocation (Beaty & Alexeyev, 2008).
The word “bully” is defined: “a blustering quarrelsome, overbearing person who habitually badgers and intimidates smaller or weaker people”("Bully"). Bullying can be mainly divided into traditional bullying and cyber bullying. There are three major types of traditional bullying: verbal bullying, social bullying, and physical bullying. First, verbal bullying is when one uses language to offend or gain power over their peer. Some of the major examples of verbal bullying would be teasing, name-calling, taunting, and sexual harassments. Another form of traditional bullying is social bullying, which is the act of hurting someone’s social reputation or hurting his or her relationships. The third type of bullying is physical bull...
Bullying has both short term and long effects on the victim. A victim of someone who has been bullied for so long can lead to them bullying other individuals, making this a never-ending cycle. "Bu...
Ultimately, having low self-esteem can ruin their teenage lives. In his article, “Bullied at School, Bullied at Work: a Prospective Study”, Lars Peter Anderson informs us that “Self-esteem refers to the global and evaluative view of oneself “and”…self-esteem has been found to be associated with bullying” (Moore qtd. in Anderson).Therefore, a teen having low self-esteem results in poor academic performance, health difficulties, and shyness around others. However, this could be avoided when someone intervenes and stops the teen from being a target of bullying. When a bystander enters the situation and encourages the victim, the teens self-esteem is boosted, which results in the teen developing good interaction and communication skills, leadership, and great academic
According to a study conducted by the American Medical Association, “ over 15,000 6th-10th graders, approximately 3.7 million youths engage in and more than 3.2 million are victims of moderate or serious bullying each year” (Cohn, A, & Canter, A, 2003). Bullying not only takes place in person but can presented in many different forms and manners. Some including online or more formally known as cyberbullying, where a person is threatened by the means of online communication or social networking. According to Statistics Canada (2009), “1 in 10 adults living in a household with children reported a child victim of cyberbullying” (StatsCan, 2009). Other types of bullying include physical bullying, where a person is at a risk of physical threats. Verbal bullying, where a person deals with a the use of words to verbally upset the victim (Cohn, A & Canter A, 2003). Also emotional bullying which can include things such as spreading rumours with the intent on hurting the victims feelings.
One major act of aggression among adolescents is bullying. Bullying can occur for several reasons. Studies have shown that a decrease is in an adolescent’s self-esteem can serve as a powerful predictor of an increase in bullying behavior (Guerra, 2011). Teens often report that they engage in bullying
Bullying has serious short-term and long-term effects on persons physical and mental health. When it comes to bullying, there are three types of individuals. The bully, the victim, and the bully-victim. The bully is the person who is mistreating others by singling them out. The victim is the person on the receiving end of the mistreatment. The bully-victim is the person who is experiencing both ends of the equation. Many people falsely believe that bullying does not harm kids and it just a “regular” part of growing up. But it does, and there are many long-term effects that come from someone being bullied. A victim of bullying is more likely to develop psychiatric illnesses, can be diagnosed with a serious illness, are more likely to smoke cigarettes, become an alcoholic and abuse substances. They also tend to have difficulty maintaining long term relationships. Bullying is classified as intentional behavior that is harmful and that occurs repeatedly over time. It is described by an imbalance of power and it has continuos effects on whoever the victim is. Bullying can come in four different forms. The four types of bullying include: verbal, social, physical or cyber bullying. Verbal bullying includes but is not limited to, name calling and teasing. Social bullying is spreading rumors, ignoring people and leaving them out purposely, and breaking up friendships, “just because.” Physical bullying includes but is not limited to, punching, hitting, kicking or shoving someone. Cyber bullying is using the Internet, a cellphone, an iPad, or any other electronic devices as your shield in order to deliberately cause harm to others.
Bullying by definition is a form of aggressive behavior in which someone intentionally and repeatedly causes another person injury or discomfort. Bullying can take the form of physical contact, words or more subtle actions. [Why] Bullying has grown new outlets over the last decade. With social media outlets and text messaging added to the game, bullying is not just about getting tormented face to face anymore. Cyber bullying can include sending out mean or threatening emails and instant messages about a person, spreading rumors about someone and also include photos that a person would consider to be humiliating. [Chamberlin] Bullying can have many outlets. The most common form of bullying is still face to face confrontation. But the other outlets, such as cyber bullying are definitely not something to take lightly or consider low on a scale of importance. Sexual harassment, racial differences, not being “cool enough”, or just simply being viewed as a weaker individual may attribute to many of the reasons a person is preyed on.
Bullying is a growing concern in a society where status and exercising power over another human being are increasingly important in developing one’s social circles. Dan Olweus (Norwegian researcher and founder of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program) defines it as an “aggressive behaviour that is intentional and that involves an imbalance of power. Most often, it is repeated over time” (Violencepreventionworks.org). School victimization is an especially delicate matter that has only really been in the public eye for the past half century, as more and more researchers and psychologists pointed out its short- and long-term negative effects on targeted individuals. It has since been widely investigated and numerous programs have been developed in an effort to address and prevent the many forms of bullying that exist today. The negative effects of such an abusive behaviour are various and can greatly differ from individual to individual. However, there are three main consequences that can be associated with school bullying, which are: school avoidance, depression/anxiety and even suicidal attempts.
Salmon G, James A, Smith DM. Bullying in schools: self reported anxiety, depression, and self esteem in secondary school children. BMJ. 1998;317:924–925.
Bullying includes actions that can be physical, mental, or emotional and result in one person having power over another (Jenson, Jeffery M.,et al).There is also Cyber bullying which is using technology to degrade and belittle the victim (“Teenager Bullying”). Physical bullying is the most easily identified form of bullying. It is when the bully tries to bodily control the victim by hitting or striking (“Teenage Bullying”). Emotional bullying is when the bully is trying to get the victim to feel lonely or secluded from others (“Teenage Bullying”). Emotional bullying is often a method that girls use instead of boys (“Teenage Bullying”).
There are four different types of bullying. These are physical, verbal, indirect, and cyber bullying. Physical bullying includes any type of physical contact towards another person that is unwanted, such as hitting, kicking, pinching, punching, even spitting. Breaking others possessions or simply taking their belongings are also examples of physical bullying. When the parents physically abuse children, they often feel as if it is their fault they are being knocked around. If the child has no one to talk to, or no one to tell, the physical abuse can go on for years and cause multiple problems for the child, even in their adult years.
Bullying is a serious problem in our society today. There are many examples in the world, either in direct contact or through social network to harass peers. Bullying can leave many different effects on child’s development, and adulthood as well. Bullying not only affect physical health, it also can affect mental health. The effects bullying can have on its victims is something that may last throughout their lives, or something that may end their life. Violence can be psychological, economic, physical, and sexual. Bullying can affect your brain and body. There is also workplace bullying, which became international problem. Children hood bullying can leave lifelong scars.
An estimated amount of 160,000 students across the United States misses school each day due to being a victim of bullying. From a present study, 29% of students involved in bullying, 14% of the children were said to be victims, 7% were bullies, and 8% were bullies and victims. The worst type of social behavior stems from bullying, and leads to complications in a student’s future. Bullying is a way of expressing aggressive behavior that is intended, and continues that sometimes leads to physical or mental injuries. Those who are victims of bullying, lack self-esteem, and become easily depressed by small objects. There are four common types of bullying: verbal, physical, relational aggression, and
Bullying is a devastating issue that threatens the well-being of today’s youth. Those who are most likely at risk are those who; have a learning or physical disability i.g., autism or ADHD, are underweight or overweight, are gay/lesbian/transgendered, or speak a different language. Of course, there are no specific guidelines of who will become victims of bullying. Children who are bullied experience lower self-esteem, greater loneliness, greater anxiety, and more depression in addition to the already stressful adolescent years. The longer the bullying occurs the more profound the symptoms can become. As a low-level, subtle form of violence, bullying creates an unsafe school environment and can lead to more serious types of violence among students (Whitted & Dupper, 2005).