Lab Activity Part B
Disease: Rabies
Microbe: Rabies Virus
Rabies virus is an enveloped negative stranded RNA virus. It has a 12kb genome that encodes for five proteins one of which is the Glycoprotein. Although the Rabies virus has been controlled by routine vaccinations of animals in developed countries, it still remains one of the most important public health problems worldwide. In this paper, the authors state that the Glycoprotein (G) is the major attribute of protective immunity in animals and is also responsible for the introduction of virus neutralizing antibodies. The authors used baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21) and SK cells and grown them in Dulbecco’s minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. This is the optimal medium and allows for the nutrients essential for the cells to grow. They then developed a recombinant RABV vaccine by expressing two copies of the RABV G protein in the HEP-Flury strain of the virus. At appropriate time points after infection, the cells were fixed in acetone and stained with RABV N Protein specific antibody. This is done so the authors can examine these cells under a fluorescence microscope.
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It is important to note that a control group of mice were also established where the vaccine was not injected. Results show a positive relationship with immunogenicity in mice. The protective antibody against RABV persisted for at least 12 months. This would impact the veterinarian field which in turn would impact the medical field. If less dogs contracted the rabies virus, less humans would get bitten and also contract the
Almost 2,000 died the night of the 1928 storm in Florida. Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston realistically depicts the Okeechobee hurricane that struck the coast of South Florida. The incredulous, category four storm produced winds as high as 150 mph and flood waters of up to eight feet. Hurston describes their heart wrenching experience throughout the end of the novel when Janie, the protagonist of the story, survives the devastating hurricane with her husband, Tea Cake. The book shows similarities between the overflow of Lake Okeechobee and the specific weather conditions of the hurricane, but differs regarding the aftermath of the storm.
Feline panleukopenia is endemic to cats worldwide. The virus has been identified since the early 20th century. The virus is so severe that it was referred to as “cat plague” in earlier times when infections worldwide nearly wiped out cat populations in certain geographic areas. Now FPV rarely occurs in domestic populations in which vaccination is routinely practiced. There is a seasonality to the occurrence of FPV that usually coincides with the production of new populations of susceptible kittens. This seasonal effect may vary according to geographic location. In the northeastern United States, most cases of FPV are seen in the summer and early fall. However, outbreaks of FPV may occur at any time of the year. It is thought that feral domestic cat populations are a natural resevior for Feline panleukopenia virus.
Feline Leukemia Virus is caused by C-type RNA viruses (Padman S. Sarma & Robert J. Huebner, et al). It is what is known as a retrovirus, and it occurs in all species of cats. All retroviruses produce an enzyme that allows them to inject their genetic material into healthy cells, causing the once-healthy cell to become infected and take on properties of the virus (Feline Leukemia Virus). The name comes from the original attempt to understand the virus, and it was believed to be similar to leukemia in humans. By the time the actual cause of the virus was discovered the misnomer of “leukemia” had already become commonly used, and leukemia was then used as part of the virus’ official name. While the virus produces leukemia-like symptoms, it can also lead to cases of lymphoma (Raoul E. Benveniste & Charles J. Sherr, et al).
Rabies is a deadly virus that occurs in the brain. It can affect all mammals but the ones that are most commonly found with the virus are dogs, bats, raccoons, skunks, and coyotes. This means that any non-mammal can not contract the virus, such as fish, birds, and reptiles (2). The virus can be contracted by humans with saliva transfer with broken skin contact from an animal which has the disease. As this is the most common form of transferring the disease it is very believable that Tea Cake contracts the virus from the wild dog that “managed to bite [him] high up on his cheek bone once” (1). The rabies virus works by being a bullet shaped virus that directly attacks th...
The results of this experiment are that when comparing the average mandible length between carnivores and herbivores, the herbivores had the longer mandible length on average. Furthermore, when comparing the average eye length between herbivores and carnivores, the carnivores had larger eyes on average. In Figures 1 and 2 the x-axis represent the two groups of animals being tested and the y-axis represent the average diameter of the length. Figure 1 represents the average mandible length between the two groups of animals. On the same note, the average length of the herbivores mandible length was .806 mm and the average length of the carnivores was .635 mm. Moreover, figure 2 denotes the average eye length between the herbivores and carnivores. Figure 2 displays the average eye length of herbivores which is 0.1579 and the average eye length of the carnivores which is 0.1758. The results of this experiment were that when comparing mandible length between herbivores and carnivores there was a significant
As described by Mukherjee (2010), src is a gene discovered in Rous sarcoma virus in which it encodes an on or off switch in numerous cellular functions as a way to regulate cell activities. Mukherjee added that the src proteins alter several target molecules, resulting in the tramsmission of signals to the nucleus that help regulate the cell. Furthermore, src gene is described as an oncogenic as it triggers uncontrolled growth in abnormal host cells. According to Mukherjee (2010), "It was termed an oncogene, * a gene capable of causing cancer" (p. 358). src gene incredibly can transform cells from their original none mitotic to mitotic state leading to the cause of cancer. According to Mukherjee's (2010) description, Rous sarcoma virus is a
She had stated that her and her husband were jogging one night and came across a stray cat. She said she wasn’t bitten, but the cat did lick her. It is noted that she got the cut from doing yard work earlier in the day but forgot to clean it. She was presented with symptoms such as headache, agitation, insomnia, confusion, excessive salvation, and vomiting. It was noted that she has a medical history of high blood pressure. Vaccine history was noted as up to date. Several tests including samples of saliva, serum, spinal fluid, and skin biopsies of hair follicles at the ankle were conducted to confirm that it was in fact rabies. The patients treatment plan included a series of rabies vaccines given as injections over the course of 14
Utilizing Epidemiology to Understand the Spread of Disease Akaninyene Ruffin Abstract The interconnectedness of today’s world has prompted a quick spread of a litany of infectious diseases. In this experiment, students mimicked epidemiologists in a quest to understand the spread of disease and find patient zero. They traveled the room and exchanged the fluids of their test tubes with their classmates.
Rabies is caused when the lyssavirus invades the central nervous system, causing inflammation in the brain. The virus is spread through the saliva of infected animals these animals can then transmit the virus by biting or scratching another animal or person. Rabies is also transmitted when the infected saliva makes its way into an open wound or the mucous
The virus is classified in the Rhabdoviridae family, a bullet shape virus. That consists of five proteins nucleoprotein (N), Phosphoprotein (P), Matrix protein (M), Glycoprotein (G) and Polymerase protein (L). Rhabdoviruses have two major structures the helical ribnucleoprotein core (RNP) and a surrounding envelope. Shortly after a human or animal is bitten the virus will move along up to the nerves and multiply inside the brain, once inside the brain it will travel back down into the rest of the bodies nerves. Once inside the brain the virus has multiplied and the animal will show signs of
The average incubation period for rabies is one to three months, but may range from several days to many years after exposure. The incubation period is shorter in patients with an exposure in areas that contain a lot of nerves, such as the face, than areas like the extremities. Rabies begins with a period of non-specific symptoms, such as fever, chills, malaise, weakness, sore throat, headache, and vomiting. After this point, the infection may evolve into one of the two major forms of the disease, paralytic or furious. Occurring in 80% of cases, furious rabies is the more common. Productive replication of rabies occurs in areas of the body with high numbers of nerves, such as the salivary glands. Once the virus reaches the brain, it continues to replicate, eventually
Rabies is one of the oldest known infectious diseases known to man. Its historical background is related to the rise of civilizations, the growth of cities worldwide, and the contact with wildlife and the domestication of different kinds of animals. The term “rabies” has been around since 3000 B.C., with the name being Latin for “fury”, “madness”, and “rage” (Williamson, 2010). Consequently, rabies have infected many animals and humans for thousands of years, and in this essay rabies will be further evaluated. Topics relating to rabies, such as its causative agent, epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and control measures will be discussed in order to further explain the gruesome
If vaccines and health treatments were not given to animals to be tested on, millions of these animals would have died from the diseases. Treatments for animals have come from actually testing on them so in a way it’s good for the animal.
Rabies is caused by a bullet-shaped virus of the genus Lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. Rabies is an ancient viral infection of the central nervous system and is considered one of the oldest communicable diseases in humans. The rabies virus was first isolated by Louis Pasteur in 1885 and he was the first scientist to produce the rabies vaccine. Because it is an enveloped virus, rabies is inactivated by several concentrations of formalin, halogens, phenols, alcohols, mineral acids, and other disinfectants. Rabies virus particles are also extremely labile when exposed to ultraviolet light and heat.