Rabies
Rabies is an infectious disease of animals which is a member of a group of viruses constituting the family Rhabdoviridae. The virus particle is covered in a fatty membrane, is bullet-shaped, 70 by 180 nanometres and contains a single helical strand of ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Although rabies is usually spread among domestic dogs and wild carnivorous animals, all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to infection. The virus is often present in the salivary glands of infected animals, referred to as rabid, and is excreted in the saliva. The bite of the infected animal easily introduces the virus into a fresh wound. In humans, rabies is not usually spread from man to man, rather the majority of infections occur from rabid dogs. After a person has been inoculated, the virus enters small nerve ends around the site of the bite, and slowly travels up the nerve to reach the central nervous system
(CNS) where it reproduces itself, and will then travel down nerves to the salivary glands and replicate further. The time it takes to do this depends on the length of the nerve it must travel - a bite on the foot will have a much lengthier incubation period than a facial bite would. This period may last from two weeks to six months, and often the original wound will have healed and been forgotten by the time symptoms begin to occur.
Symptoms in humans present themselves in one of two forms: ‘furious rabies', or ‘ dumb rabies'. The former is called such because of the severe nature and range of the symptoms. The virus, upon reaching the CNS will present the person with headache, fever, irritability, restlessness and anxiety. Progression may occur on to muscle pains, excessive salivation, and vomiting. After a few days or up to a week the person may go through a stage of excitement, and be afflicted with painful muscle spasms which are sometimes set off by swallowing of saliva or water. Because of this the afflicted will drool and learn to fear water, which is why rabies in humans was sometimes called Hydrophobia. The patients are also extremely sensitive to air or drafts blown on their face. The stage lasts only fews days before the onset of a coma, then death. Dumb rabies begins similarly to furious rabies, but instead of symptoms progressing to excitement, a steady retreat and quiet downhill state occurs. This may be accompanied with paralysis before death. Rabies diagnosis in this type of cases can be missed.
Unfortunately with both furious and dumb rabies, once the disease has taken hold
Rabies is a deadly virus that occurs in the brain. It can affect all mammals but the ones that are most commonly found with the virus are dogs, bats, raccoons, skunks, and coyotes. This means that any non-mammal can not contract the virus, such as fish, birds, and reptiles (2). The virus can be contracted by humans with saliva transfer with broken skin contact from an animal which has the disease. As this is the most common form of transferring the disease it is very believable that Tea Cake contracts the virus from the wild dog that “managed to bite [him] high up on his cheek bone once” (1). The rabies virus works by being a bullet shaped virus that directly attacks th...
Each body part has different times on how long it will take to heal and each person also has different reaction after the procedure. On average, a body piercing can take a few weeks to heal or take a year depending on the body site. Oral piercings, for example, can take six to eight weeks on average. It is also worth mentioning that oral and nasal piercings have less prone to infection because of the body's tremendous defensive strategies, though this can be different for person to person. Navel piercings, on the other hand, can take up to nine months to fully heal.
Almost 2,000 died the night of the 1928 storm in Florida. Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston realistically depicts the Okeechobee hurricane that struck the coast of South Florida. The incredulous, category four storm produced winds as high as 150 mph and flood waters of up to eight feet. Hurston describes their heart wrenching experience throughout the end of the novel when Janie, the protagonist of the story, survives the devastating hurricane with her husband, Tea Cake. The book shows similarities between the overflow of Lake Okeechobee and the specific weather conditions of the hurricane, but differs regarding the aftermath of the storm.
may last one to three weeks. In many cases new clusters of blisters appear as
The most common and well described pain transmission is “gate control theory of pain”. This theory was first proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965 whereby they used the analogy of gate to explain the inhibition of pain which exists within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. For instance, when tissue damage occurs, substances such as prostaglandin, serotonin, histamine and bradykinin are released from the injured cell. Individual usually consume or apply pain medications such as NSAIDs whereby these medications will cause electrical nerve impulse at the end of the sensory nerve fiber via nociceptor. Nociceptor is a pain receptor that is commonly found in the skin, cornea of eye and organ of motion such as muscles and ligaments. These nerve impulses
...at in domestic animals, which indicates wild animals cause a higher risk to humans. Controlling the disease in susceptible wild free-ranging animal populations is implemented by oral vaccination and recombinant rabies vaccine by use of vaccine-containing bait. The best prevention is decreasing chances to expose to the disease. Once a patient is suspected as a rabies case, the physician and local health administrator should decide whether infection actually occurs and whether a risk of rabies exists in the geographic area. Once the identification is completed, the patient should receive post-exposure prophylaxis immediately, which contains the combination of local wound cleansing, human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and rabies vaccine. The population such as veterinarians, animal handlers that have higher risk to be infected should receive pre-exposure immunization.
The facial nerve fibers originate from the pons, lateral to the abducens nerves (Marieb & Hoehn). Branches enter the temporal bone through the internal acoustic meatus; they run through the inner ear cavity with the bone before they emerge through the stylomastoid foramen (Marieb & Hoehn). The facial nerve is the motor nerve to all of the muscles of expression in the face; it is distributed by multiple branches as it innervates various facial muscles including: the platysma, buccinator, the muscles of the external ear, the digastric, and the stylohyoid (Gray, 1995). Parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve innervate the the lacrimal glands of the eyes, nasal and palatine glands, and the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands (Marieb & Hoehn).
Let’s say that there is a mechanical sense. If someone touched your hand, your somatosensory system will detect various stimuli by your skin’s sensory receptors. The sensory information is then conveyed to the central nervous system by afferent neurons. The neuron’s dendrites will pass that information to the cell body, and on to its axon. From there it is passed onto the spinal cord or the brainstem. The neuron's ascending axons will cross to the opposite side either in the spinal cord or in the brainstem. The axons then terminates in the thalamus, and on into the Brodmann Area of the parietal lobe of the brain to process.
Once the rabies disease shows symptoms on the victim it becomes impossible to cure because the disease has already spread through out the entire nervous system. Did Zora Neil Hurston accurately portray the rabies disease in the novel as to real life? Because in the novel Hurston did portray the symptoms accurately. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Hurston gave Janie's husband, Tea Cake, great characteristics of having contracted the disease. Some of the characteristics that were shown in the novel were Tea Cake gagging when drinking liquids, bad headaches and the time period it took for the symptoms of rabies to finally show up.
can be noticed by people around them. If these emotions do continue, illness can result.
stimuli, according to Brannstroms Hydrodynamic Theory. Anatomically, the areas of the tubules closer to the pulp activates the nerves associated with the odontoblasts at the end of the tubule, resulting in pain response.
Rabies is one of the oldest known infectious diseases known to man. Its historical background is related to the rise of civilizations, the growth of cities worldwide, and the contact with wildlife and the domestication of different kinds of animals. The term “rabies” has been around since 3000 B.C., with the name being Latin for “fury”, “madness”, and “rage” (Williamson, 2010). Consequently, rabies have infected many animals and humans for thousands of years, and in this essay rabies will be further evaluated. Topics relating to rabies, such as its causative agent, epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and control measures will be discussed in order to further explain the gruesome
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain and the spinal cord serves as the collection section of the nerve impulses. With damage to the peripheral nervous system the central nervous wouldn’t be able to interpret the stimuli’s because they wouldn’t be able to receive them. This system is considered to be ...
Rabies is caused by a bullet-shaped virus of the genus Lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. Rabies is an ancient viral infection of the central nervous system and is considered one of the oldest communicable diseases in humans. The rabies virus was first isolated by Louis Pasteur in 1885 and he was the first scientist to produce the rabies vaccine. Because it is an enveloped virus, rabies is inactivated by several concentrations of formalin, halogens, phenols, alcohols, mineral acids, and other disinfectants. Rabies virus particles are also extremely labile when exposed to ultraviolet light and heat. All warm blooded animals are susceptible to rabies infection, but mammals are the only known vectors and reservoirs in nature. Wildlife that are common sources of rabies in the United States are skunks, raccoons, foxes, coyotes, and some bats that are mostly around the southern United States into Mexico. It is mostly from contact with infected domesticated animals than wild animals that causes human exposure to rabies