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Impact of the opium war in china essay
Impact of the opium war in china essay
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Direct foreign trade of China with European countries began in the sixteenth century , with economic partners the Portuguese ( 1517 ) who settled in Canton ( southeast China) , in 1550 they founded the city of Macao.
Followed by the Spaniards in the Philippines ( 1565 ) , they founded Manila in 1571. These countries are particularly motivated by a missionary objective.
The Dutch position in Indonesia, Batavia (now Jakarta ) , first settled in Penghu ( 1603) next to Taiwan and Taiwan ( 1624 ) . Russians come neighbors by land.
In 1685 , during the reign of Emperor Kangxi ( 1662-1723 ) , an imperial edict authorizing the opening of all Chinese ports to foreign vessels , the first vessel arrived at Canton in 1689. However , this trade is very limited as they are subject to very strict rules : taxes for foreign traders obligation to go through one intermediary ( the merchant of the emperor ), which collects taxes on behalf of the state. In 1720 , this intermediate is replaced by a collegial body : the Co -hong .
Under the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796) , trade policy is reversed , it is limited in its scope and intensity . In 1757 , an imperial edict states that the Co -hong now set prices and quantities of goods exchanged, the maritime borders will be closed (except Canton) and that foreigners can not settle where they want to Canton ( not the right to learn Chinese) , the aim being to prevent direct contact.
China is a rather closed on empire itself, as commercially in the field of exchange of ideas and innovations. This is due to strict protectionism applied by the imperial bureaucracy , ideologically supported both by elites , anxious not to undermine the traditional rites very conservative society (or squeamish ) and the p...
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... soil , deposits of opium moved to Huangpu .
In 1809 , an administrative measure will be taken to try to impede traffic : ships unloading in Huangpu must provide a certificate which stated that there was no opium on board. The prevailing corruption among officials does not allow the strict application of these measures.
Nothing seems to decrease or stop a lucrative trade : in 1813 , a case of Indian opium sells 2,400 rupees ( cost 240 rupees) . In 1821 , a new decree announced that Chinese trade is no longer possible to Huangpu , the market moves Lingding where it will grow from 1821 to 1839. The British East India Company (East India Company) decided to circumvent the ban and increases its illegal opium sales in China to 100 tonnes from 1800 to 2 600 tonnes in 1838. British trade in China finally becomes surplus in 1835 , there was 2 million opium smokers in China.
During the early Ming Dynasty, China was one of the most economically and technologically advanced countries in the world. As Ebrey pointed out, “Europe was not yet a force in Asia and China continued to look on the outer world in traditional terms.” China was regarded as the center of Asia at the beginning of 15th century and the idea of “Middle Kingdom” (Zhong guo) began to take off at that time. The early Ming Emperors were not interested in promoting commercial trade at all. Emperor Hongwu, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, implemented the Hai jin policy which forbade maritime shipping and private foreign trade outside of the tributary system (Ebrey, p. 209). Emperor Yongle, the son of Emperor Hongwu, lifted this policy to a certain extent when he ordered his eunuch Zheng He’s voyages. However, he was only intereste...
The opium trade was incorporated to the China culture into the global market. During that period the economies of India, China and Britain were connected to one another in a trade that was one of the most important connection as a role in the global market. The opium trade started in the 17 century the drug was just shipped from Portuguese Goa in Portuguese and British ships, the opium was held by a monopoly who was controlled by the Dutch. Taking the opium in EIC vessels was really criticized by the directors of the London Company, for incurring losses and putting in danger legal forms of the famous Sino-British trade, since this drug was illegal in China. The EAST INDIA COMPANY by regulating and restricting production,
These acts were seen as aggressive in the eyes of the English and the first opium war resulted. The war ended with the Treaty of Nanking, which ceded China to Britain. The second opium war between 1856 and 1858 ended with the treaty of Tientsin (2). These two wars were prime examples of commercial imperialism, not only through the opening of treaty ports but through British control of Chinese customs which the 1842 treaty established, and continuing opium trade without restraint (3). All these acts on the part of the British and the Chinese prove that there was real awareness of the depth of the opium problem.
Because of this, foreigners had to pay for their things in silver. Therefore, in 1793, Britain sent the Macartney mission which was a plan to send their men to talk to China about purchasing their goods which did not go in their favor. There were two things that Britain had over China, machines and weapons and opium. Opium was an illegal drug that people were addicted too but China didn’t have much of it so, In response to the rejection from China, the opium trade took place. British smuggled it into China from India and sold it to the Chinese people and the value of opium “eventually exceeded that of all Chinese goods sold to British, shifting the trade balance in Britain’s favor and causing silver to flow out of China” (Judge and Landon pg.
The opium wars were two wars between China and Britain in the nineteenth century about the trade of opium and taxation of the Chinese by the British. Opium was used heavily by the Chinese during the seventeenth and eighteenth century recreationally. In 1799, the Chinese government outlawed opium trade. The Chinese people still used opium often, estimated at 5 million pounds in 1830. In 1839, large quantities of opium was found on British merchants who were going to market the drug to Chinese people. Britain did not feel that the ban on opium was legit and demanded that the opium be returned to its British owners. China refused and Britain shelled the area of Hong Kong. The war continued until 1842, when China accepted the Treaty of Nanking, which basically changed the framework of foreign trade. The trade also gave Hong Kong and five other cities British rule. In 1856, the second Opium War, or commonly referred to as the “Arrow War,” initiated due to the fact that Britain felt that there were treaty violations by the Chinese. The British ship Arrow was boarded by Chinese officials and its twelve crew members were arrested for the crime of opium smuggling. Britain raided inland to China with the help of France and led to a signing of the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858. Chinese officials refused to accept the treaty and again Britain invaded China and eventually made China sign the treaty in
Chapter 4: China's Qing Dynasty & Its Collapse." East-Asian-History Home. Penn State. Web. 06 Apr. 2011..
During this period, Qing officials overlooked the foreign brokers. By the early 1800’s, however, Great Britain began bartering for Chinese goods in non-monetary funds, opium.... ... middle of paper ... ... The Chinese culture witnessed poverty, social unrest, drug addictions, and government bankruptcy when foreign exploitation emerged.
After the people in China started to be lazy and unproductive, it took a toll on China, which caused opium to be outlawed. Even after the Emperors ban on opium, Britain did not follow the ban and the illegal opium trade was still growing. The Emperor appointed Lin Zexu in charge of governing trade in Canton and eradicating opium trade. Lin closed Canton and held the British traders hostage, while demanding that British merchants surrender their opium supply and sign a bond to never sell opium in China, which was punishable by death.... ...
...when Qing China had become one of the world’s largest empires and was prosperous. The two Edicts begin by expressing the ways in which Qianlong was lenient and hospitable with Lord Macartney and his party. There are also sections that commend the king on his humility of his actions and requests. However, the remainder of the document proceeds to list the demands that Qianlong was presented with and the reasons why each were denied. This rejection of demands was likely a way to protect China from the British Empire, who was known to colonize other nations.
That was one really bitter downfall for China. They basically had to pay for their own war for a total of $21 million and opium was still traded, not even stopped. I think Britain making those conditions was an act of karma for China’s part. Once the five new trading ports opened, China was confined to learning how to trade with the rest of the world. That was how China became what it is today, rich, powerful, and large.
The Tang Dynasty (618-906) succeeded the Sui Dynasty, who ruled from 581-618 A.D., respectively. The foundation for the development, growth, and expansion of China during the Tang Dynasty’s rule was laid during the Sui Dynasty’s reign. The political and governmental institutions of the Sui Dynasty directly influenced the Tang tremendously. Diplomatic relationships were successfully established during this period, and Tang China took its role as one of the greatest and prominent empires existing in the medieval world. Retail traders, clerics, ambassadors, and convoys from Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and other countries emerged into common members of everyday society in Tang China.
Conventionally, China had been a closed social order with an independent financial system. In the 19th century, it engaged in limited associations with the Western...
The early nineteenth century was the beginning of the Qing Dynasty’s downfall. During this century multiple issues, including economic pressures, corruption, domestic rebellions and foreign wars, challenged ...
Legal codes were simplified to pave the ways for the abolition of extra-territoriality. If the reform were given enough time to carry out, it could successfully tackle the problems the Qing government faced. Economi... ... middle of paper ... ... nalists at the highest level.”
rules and laws that applied only to those who were peasants. The laws sort of boosted their lives; he kept the land tax low, and the granaries stocked to guard against famine. During his reign he also attempted and succeeded in building up the class of those of the peasant and working class. Hongwu’s new government did not cause any change for those in other social classes.