Negative Forms Of Motivation

Introduction

What is motivation?

Definitions of motivation:

"Motivation is dependent on the fulfillment of fundamental, innate psychological needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy" (Thijs, 2011).

"Motivation may be defined as the degree to which individuals commit effort to achieve goals that they perceive as being meaningful and worthwhile" "Johnson, & Johnson, 2003).

"Motivation is generally considered to be an internal state that initiates and maintains goal directed behavior" (Mayer, 2011)

The driving force behind all the actions carried out by an individual can be otherwise defined as Motivation. The needs and desires of an individual both strongly impact and influence the direction of their behavior. Motivation of an individual is based on one’s emotions and achievement-related goals. There are different forms of motivation including extrinsic, intrinsic, physiological, and achievement motivation, all falling under positive forms of motivation. Negative forms of motivation also exist simultaneously.

What is Achievement Motivation?

McClelland, David studied workplace motivation and theorized that

Intrinsic Motivation is seen as a fundamental and an important element of achievement goal theory. Most theorists of achievement goal and intrinsic motivational theory argue that mastery goals are instrumental of intrinsic motivation and the related mental processes and performance goals create negative effects. Mastery goals promote intrinsic motivation by encouraging the perceptions of challenge, task involvement, generating excitement, and supporting self-determination while performance goals are the opposite. Performance goals are portrayed as undermining intrinsic motivation by instilling perceptions of threat, disrupting task involvement, and creating anxiety and pressure. This was referred to from the work by Elliot & Harackiewicz, done in