Introduction
Egypt has gone through a long journey and sometimes it seems as though it repeats the same path over and over again. Whether its Mubarak, Sadat or Nasser, Egypt has not had its luck with any of the presidents nor kings for that matter. Under these presidents, Egypt went through oppression, discrimination and inequality for its citizens. Religion and gender played a big role in creating this discrimination, especially towards the Muslim brotherhood members. However, these presidents had more than simply discrimination, they had bad policies. Whether it was asking the wrong countries for aid or joining the wrong wars, they all made mistakes. Nasser is one of the most controversial presidents because although he did make some accomplishments he made many more sacrifices in the freedom of the Egyptian people than should have
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The right to live with dignity was taken away the moment Nasser and the free officers sent King Farouk of Egypt and his family for years into exile. The revolution of 1952 marked a huge transition in the ways foreigners viewed Egypt as well as how Egyptians started to live. Since, 1922 till 1952 Egypt was a monarchy ruled by the same royal family and before that it was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, the revolution changed a lot within Egypt, especially once Nasser took the presidency from Mohamed Naguib. The creation of the Suez Canal and the new constitution created by Nasser all led to the suppression of the Muslim brotherhood, freedom of press and speech conflicts in the country, and human rights issues. However, Nasser is still to this day regarded as a wonderful president and not acknowledged for the bad policies he had. But in fact, Nasser's policies were considerably unjust
Any study on Modern Egyptian history naturally begins with Nasser, Egypt’s first President after the Free Officers revolution in 1952. Nasser was the foremost proponent of pan-Arabism, an ideology that called for close ties between the Arab states, presumably under the leadership of Egypt, one of the most powerful states in the Middle East at the time. Compared to other states in the Arab World, Nasser’s Egypt was stable, militarily powerful, and independent of foreign influence. From this position of re...
First, political Islam has rogue Egypt and held it down, suffocating the country, not allowing it to stand a chance. President Hosni Mubarak was ousted and people thought that Egypt was getting better. It has not been the case. While Zaki lives in faded luxury and chases women, Bothayna endures sexual harassment while working as a shop assistant to provide for her poor family after the death of her father. Meanwhile her boyfriend, Taha, son of the building's janitor, is rejected by the police and decides to join a radical Islamic group. Egypt is heading towards a bottomless abyss. Everything is controlled by the elite. Jobs are no more; it is preserved for the top. This increases the plight of the people and leads them into committing some of the acts seen in Islam as bad or as a taboo. The political elite are crashing its opponents and ensuring that whoever com...
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any nation in the world. Written history of Egypt dates back to about 5,000 years, the commencement of civilization. While there is divergence in relation to Early Egyptian times, it is said that Egypt came to be around 3200 B.C., during the reign of a king by the name of Menes and unified the northern and southern cities of Egypt into one government. In 1675 B.C., Egypt was invaded by the Hyksos, people from the east, bringing along the very first of chariots and horses ever to come across Egyptian soil. Approximately 175 years later in 1500 B.C., the Egyptians had gotten rid of the Hyksos and driven them out. In 1375 B.C., Amenhotep IV had become the king of Egypt. During his reign he eliminated the worship of Egyptian gods and initiated the idea of only worshipping one god. But after his death, his ideas were retired and old ways were reestablished. Egyptian supremacy then started to decline around 1000 B.C. Between 1000 B.C. and 332 B.C., Egypt was ruled by many such as the Libyans, Assyrians, Ethiopians, and Persians. In 640, Muslims conquered Egypt and founded the city of Cairo in 969 and deemed it as the capital of Egypt. For many centuries Egypt was ruled by Muslim caliphs. A prominent ruler of this period was Saladin, who battled the Christian Crusaders at the conclusion of the twelfth century. In 1798 Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt but was then forced to withdraw in 1801 Turkish and British armed forces. In 1805 Mohamed Ali began ruling Egypt till 1848 and great changed the country in terms of modernization and its military. During Mohamed’s conquest, he borrowed a lot of money from the French and British, which later resulted in Egypt’s coloniza...
The new leader objective was to benefit the Muslim brotherhood which made the greater inequality. Rather than fix the social injustice that his followers lived for decade, he gave himself special authority which Mubarak would never think of doing. In August, he cancelled the SCAF's constitutional declaration. He also forced defense minister and SCAF chairman Hussein Tantawi to retire, along with his deputy, Sam Enan. Some 70 top military generals followed them out to pasture. Morsi had stood up to the most powerful institution in Egypt and prevailed. At the end of 2012, Morsi triggered another rebellion by his decree on a new constitution which will immune him to all juridical laws. As he tries to get the title of pharaoh rebellion burst at the Tahrir Square. The result were obvious, around 90% of the population are in the Muslim brotherhood and the minority who are the Christians and exiled Muslims are the pillars of justice who reject the constitution. At the start of 2013, Morsi was treated as a pharaoh.At his anniversary of presidency, the nation regroups at the symbol of peace, the square to remove once again a corrupt leader. A petition of over 22milions citizens was signed to remove Morsi. Eventually, the symbol of inequality was once again
In July 1952, the Egyptian government, headed by King Farouk, was overthrown in a bloodless coup led by the Free Officers, soon to be known as the Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council (RCC). The revolution was ostensibly led by Muhammad Naguib but it was clear that he was a mere figurehead and in a little over two years, Gamal Abdel Nasser would assume the Presidency. Although the goals of the RCC were somewhat unclear at the start, Nasser would embark on a policy of creating an independent Egypt free from internal and external domination. It was the latter goal that would set Nasser on a collision course with the West, initially Great Britain and to a lesser extent France, but eventually the United States. As such, Nasser’s commitment to autonomy would make him a hero to many in the Arab World and a villain to the West. Accordingly, for the next sixteen years Nasser and the United States would forge a strained relationship that at times bordered on mutual hostility and on other occasions, would stop just short of friendship based on pragmatic considerations by each side. As such, a detailed study is in order of the relationship between the RCC and the United States beginning with the Egyptian Revolution and ending with Nasser’s death in 1970. Ultimately, one can conclude that each side sought to exploit the other based upon outside considerations pertaining to Arab public opinion and a fear of communism.
society called "The Free Officers." At this point in time Egypt was ruled by a small
The Egyptian January 2011 revolution initially created hopes that a genuine process of Egyptian democratization would take off under the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood, a religious, political and social movement. The June 2012 presidential elections, brought the group’s candidate, Mohamed Morsi, in office. While in power the Muslim Brotherhood kept and enforced many laws and articles from the old regime to maintain control of the country. The continuation of torture and murder behind bars under the Muslim Brotherhood disqualifies it as a rebellion as Camus clarifies, “to exist, man must rebel, but rebellion must respect the limit it discovers in itself”( Camus 22). On June 26, 2013, El Nadim Center for Rehabilitation of Victims of Violence, published a report in which it described torture during the first year of Brotherhood rule as “widespread and systematic.” “ The report documented 359 cases of torture and 217 cases of torture-related deaths over the period from June 30, 2012, to May 31, 2013” (Selim 193). The transgression in Muslim Brotherhood regime through the use of violence to punish it opponents oversteps the boundaries of a rebel. The main complaint of the Egyptians citizens was that the Muslim Brotherhood failed to live to its promise to get rid of authoritarianism and put Egypt on a path toward democracy. Under
Around the time 3150 B.C., Ancient Egyptian society and civilizations first coalesced, creating many ancient city-states surrounding the main source of life, the Nile River. Like any functioning society, this ancient civilization followed rules and governments that are both similar and different to the modern rules of this day and age. Mainly, the similarity of the economic classes and the difference of the rulership. Also, a key point that is both similar and more advanced than modern society is the role of women in Egypt, specifically their civil rights that were much more modern than that of other civilizations at that time. Women also even held public office at the highest level, which hasn’t yet occurred even in modern America.
Once a monarchy now a republic, many years later the country has faced many conflicts and flounder times, most recent the revolution of 2011, which left the country in a broken state. With success and effort to rebuild, Egypt still faces some major economic challenges. These challenges range from: reestablishing security, bringing back business, reforming subsidies, and labor intensive industries and exports. Strengthening the country’s army and government is one of the most important challenges, but leading businessmen and attracting tourist, and billionaires to come back is another very difficult challenge. Reforming subsidies and ending government controlled industries, and exports are also issues that face current president, and the rest of the government. While broken, Egypt contributes to the world economy, by providing our raw resources, many previous innovations, and exports. Bouncing back from a revolution is tough, but Egypt can become beneficial to our businesses and labor force and way of life, by growing back into prosperous and tourist full country. It can also become a host for many big industries to boost its economy even more. If Egypt remains on the same track, they are bound to have a good economy, as we can see from changes like the real growth rate which doubled within 2014 to 2015. Another change is their unemployment rate it has decreased from 13% to
Hezbollah has been infiltrating Latin American for many years now, exploiting the resource rich countries in Central and South America. Sponsored by Iran, the terrorist organization has been crucial in Iran’s pursuit of nuclear energy and possibly nuclear weapons. Teaming together with Venezuela’s former president Hugo Chavez, Hezbollah has worked to mine Venezuela’s rich uranium deposits. Hezbollah has also been using many illegal activities common in Latin American counties to fund their terrorist organization. Some of these activities have included drug, gun and human smuggling, and counterfeiting. The organization has taken advantage of the porous United States border, to fund most of these activities.
Instead of persuading Cairo to hold elections and threatening to suspend aid if it does not, the U.S. should press the current leadership to adhere to standards of a responsible government, including ending the violence and political repression, restoring the basic functions of the state, facilitating economic recovery, countering extremists and keeping the peace with Israel. At this moment in Egypt's political awakening, the performance of its government will be a more important determinant of its durability than whether it won an election.
Hezbollah is a radical shia terrorist group. But they have come a long way to receive the recognition they get today. Majority of the group's publicity has arisen from the ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict. They have put forth many thoughts and actions that have affected how this issue will finally be played out, and how it could end.
Before the Egyptian revolution there were many different ways the people were oppressed. First off, President Mubarak stayed in power for over thirty-six years and refused to step down from his rule despite the people’s protests. This act of oppression angered the citizens and led to even more protests, for they were sick of the corruption within the law. Another political cause of the revolution would be how President Morsi issued a order that stated that the court couldn’t overturn any of his decisions. The president’s actions resulted in people flooding the streets protesting for his resignation from the president’s role. When the people of their own country aren’t allowed to have a say in there will always be a rebellion. This is because it’s a natural right for people to take part in their own union. Without this right the people are unhappy with the system and their government could become corrupt and the citizens wouldn’t be able to fight back. But the oppression didn’t just end there. The economy of Egypt was in a dreadful state. Many people were out of jobs and even if you did work your wage was terribly low. Don’t forget to mention the rising food prices the people can barely afford with the little money they have. The endless struggle to keep just enough food on the table encouraged the citizens to protest against the government
J. Brown’s Paradigm for National Development define the Identifiable People Group of a Nationalistic movement based on four main criteria: language, race, history, and location. These characteristics often serve to demonstrate how and why people united. In the case of Egypt’s revolution, the Identifiable People Group lacks any major ethnic or racial divisions, and though historically there have been tensions between Christians and Muslims, both parties orchestrated the revolution, so the IPG lacked Egypt’s traditional religious divisions. Racially, Egypt’s population is 99.6% Egyptian according to the 2006 census, and historically, the majority of the population has been Arabia since the seventh century. Ninety percent of Egyptians practice Islam, and the in Tahrir majority of them are Sunni. All of the people lived in a geographically well defined area, Egypt, and though Cairo was the epicenter of protests, Egyptians traveled from all over the country to take part in Tahrir Square Protests, and protests occurred throughout the country. Also, Arabic is both the official and most common language of Eg...
Egypt as a state; their politics are organized under a multi-party semi-presidential system, where the executive power is divided between the President and the Prime Minister. Egypt also holds regular multi-party parliamentary elections; which is separated by the Parliament of Egypt, The People’s Assembly, and the Consultative Council as described by...