Medications o Pain Medications o Anxiolytic/Hypnotics o Anti-depressants o Mood Stabilizers o Antipsychotics/Neuroleptics o Anticonvulsants/Seizures Medications o Stimulants o Cognitive Enhancers o Steroids (Each of these medication categories will be automatically identified by the software based on the lists that follow. The user will be provided with the appropriate section on Jon’s list that provides both a list of related medications within this category and comments on the potential impact on testing.) Pain Medications: Opiates and synthetic opioids (Morphine, Dilaudid, Tylenol #3, Vicodin, Oxycontin, Tramadol, Fentanyl, Oxycodone, Codeine, Methadone) Comment: These medications tend to be habit forming, tend to induce tolerance and are sometimes used by patients for their anti-anxiety and/or soporific properties. Opiates and synthetic opiates, particularly at higher doses and/or in combination with anti-anxiety medications and/or alcohol may compromise attention, concentration and performance on tasks that require mental speed, power, stamina and flexibility. Anxiolytic/Hypnotic: Benzodiazepines: Valium (Diazepam), Librium (Chlordiazepoxide), Xanax (Alprazolam), Clonazepam (Klonopin), Clorazeptate (Tranxene), Estazolam (ProSom), Eszopiclone (Lunesta), Flurazepam (Dalmane), Lorazepam (Ativan), Oxazepam (Serax), Quazepam (Doral), Temazepam (Restoril), Triazolam (Halcion) Comment: These medications have potent anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, anti-convulsant and amnestic properties. When administered intravenously or in high doses, benzodiazepines may produce anterograde amnesia. Their effects are potentiated by narcotics and alcohol. Sudden discontinuation of benzodiazepines... ... middle of paper ... ...(Cognex), Donepezil (Aricept), Rivastigime (Exelon), Galantamine (Razadyne, Razadyne ER) NMDA Receptor antagonists: Memantine (Namentadine) Comments: These drugs are reported to produce mild to modest improvement in cognition in patients in the early to mid-stages of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. The most frequent side effects are gastrointestinal. Steroid Medications: Hydrocortisone (Cortet, Hydrocortone, Cortisol, A-hydroCort, Solu-Cortet), Prednisone (Cortan, Deltasone, Liquid Pred, Orasone), Prednisolone (Orapred, Pediapred, Prelone) Methylprednisolone (Medrol, Meprolone, Solu Medrol, Depo Medrol, Medrol Dosepak), Dexamethasone (Decadron, Dexameth, Dexone, Hexadrol) Comment: When taken in high potency forms or intravenously, steroids may produce quiet confusional states, agitated delirium, anxiety, depression, and/or psychosis. T
One way steroids affect players is the effect on the mind and mental health of users. When baseball players take steroids, they put their bodies at risk. The risks include psychiatric symptoms such as bipolar disorder (Mitchell 55). Studies have shown that if baseball players get involved with steroids, there is strong chance they will experience symptoms like bipolar disorder or severe depression. Steroids also affect the cardiovascular system. They can cause heart attacks and increased or decreased cholesterol levels, and also cause the heart to become enlarged (Mitchell 55). The cardiovascular system faces tragic effects when people decide to use steroids. The liver is affected by steroids also, as the liver can become impaired, become cancerous, and thus cause skin to yellow (Mitchell 55). The f...
Anticholinergic Deliriants or Belladonnoids, show the most promise as chemical compounds used to incapacitate. Belladonnoids cause delirium in casualties and blocks both the central and peripheral muscarinic effects of acetylcholine. BZ is the most common of the synthetic Belladonnaoids. BZ can create mild delirium, loss of attention and drowsiness at low doses. To full blown ambling around looking lost and shouting in higher doses. I describe this as Zombie like trance. Recovery can take 24hrs from onset of symptoms. However the onset of symptoms is relatively slow, making BZ ineffective for military use.
Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, achieves its pharmacodynamic effects by ultimately increasing the effect of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA on GABAA receptors. The main roles of GABA include regulating neuronal excitability and regulation of muscle tone. Diazepam, as a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors, binds and forms a receptor-drug complex which promotes the binding of GABA.
According to CDC in the year 2015 opioids played a part in 33,091 deaths. Now you may ask what an opioid is. An Opioid is a compound that binds to opioid receptors in the body to reduce the amount of pain. There are four main categories of opioids, one being natural opioid analgesics including morphine and codeine, and semi synthetic opioid analgesics, including oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and oxymorphone. The second category being methadone, a synthetic opioid, the third category being synthetic opioid analgesics other than methadone includes tramadol and fentanyl. The last category is an illicit opioid that is synthesized from morphine called heroin.
Amphetamines produce feelings of euphoria, relieve fatigue, improve performance, increase activity, and suppress appetite. Euphoric effects associated with the use of amphetamines, increase potential for abuse. Consequently, prolonged use of amphetamines may lead to drug dependence and tolerance. Desired effects are only achieved by increasing to higher doses of amphetamine, which can result in an acute overdose. Seizures, hypertension, tachycardia, hyperthermia, psychosis, hallucinations, stroke, or death can be experienced. Additional reports revealed that those who abuse amphetamines were significantly more likely to report using a greater number of illicit substances including nicotine, marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, and opiates.
Opiates are a class of drugs that are used for chronic pain. Opioids are substances that are used to relieve pain by binding opiate receptors throughout the body, and in the brain. These areas in the brain control pain and also emotions, producing a feeling of excitement or happiness. As the brain gets used to these feelings, and the body builds a tolerance to the opioids, there is a need for more opioids and then the possibility of addiction. There are different forms of opioids manufactured such as Morphine, Oxycodone, Buprenorphine, Hydrocodone, and Methadone.
Michaels, A. (2007, April 22). Drug Treatment for Dementia Sufferers. Article Directory. Retrieved October 19, 2008, from Articlesbase database.
The medication given to the children is a trial and error situation. The right drug could take years to find. The children taking this drug feel like test subjects when their pediatrician/psychotherapists must monitor them for compliance to the medication. Side effects differ from each individual, ranging from nervous breakdowns, inadequacy, mania, delusions, physical harm, self harm and possible attempted suicide. These symptoms can be treated with even more medication. Other side effects include: headache, stomach ache, dry mouth, constipation, gas, weight loss/gain, and acne. These symptoms might go away or are tolerable. New symptoms are hard to determine whether or not they are due from a new illness, the drugs, or just natural hormone development.
Morphine is a highly addictive opiate psychoactive painkiller. It is often used before or after surgery to alleviate severe pain. Morphine acts by attaching to specific proteins called opioid receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract. The drug was originally derived from the poppy seed plant before it was chemically enhanced and manufactured. Starting off, the drug was used to cure alcoholism and certain types of addictions. This didn’t last very long considering morphine was found to be much more addictive than alcohol. In the early 1900s, morphine was identified as a controlled substance under the Harrison Act. The Harrison Act was put in place to control morphine by making it only legal for those with a prescription for the drug to carry and use it. It is now considered a Schedule I&II drug, which basically defines the levels of enforcement against the drugs. At the time, morphine was the most commonly abused drug, because of its mind-numbing, and reality shattering capabilities.
While the effects of steroids can seem desirable at first, there are serious side effects. Excessive use can cause a harmful imbalance in the body's normal hormonal balance and body chemistry. Heart attacks, water retention leading to high blood pressure and stroke, and liver and kidney tumors all are possible. Young people may develop and a halting of bone growth. Males may experience shrinking testicles, falling sperm counts, and enlarged prostates. Women frequently show signs of masculinity and may be at higher risk for certain types of and the possibility of birth defects in their children. The psychological effects of steroid use are also alarming: drastic mood swings, inability to sleep, and feelings of hostility. Steroids may also be psychologically addictive. Once started, users, particularly athletes, enjoy the physical "benefits" of increased size, strength, and endurance so much that they are reluctant to stop even when told about the risks. Major athletic competitions, including the Olympics, routinely screen athletes to prevent steroid use.
Some of the ill effects of the drugs are damage to the kidneys and liver. A person can also alter the balance of the natural hormones. This can cause detrimental affects to the body. The effects of you natural hormones being out of balance can last several years after being off the drugs. Some male user form breasts due to the use of steroids. Because of the increase in testosterone, steroids can cause serious acne problems. When used by teens is can cause stunted growth. Other side effects include genital changes, water retention, yellow eyes, coronary artery disease, ligament injuries, high blood pressure, changes in cholesterol levels, sterility and liver disease. The list goes on and on. Women that use steroids run the risk of male pattern baldness. Some effects of steroids are even worse. Some people fall into comas after injecting the drugs, some may even die from the injections (Kalawalski 13-15).
There are a wide range of sorts of theories medications that are found in the public arena today. The three most regular medications are Rohypnol, Gamma Hydroxybutyric (GHB) and Ketamine.
The effects it has on the catecholamine system implies that the executive functions of those who consume them would be increased, leading to the improvements of the brain’s ability to process information stored in working memory and also focus the attention on a task at hand. The side effect of these drugs, however, ranges from minor effects like Constipation, insomnia, headache, hair loss, diarrhea etc to long-term effects like heart disease, hypertension (high blood pressure) and tachycardia (irregular heart
The short-term effects include dilated pupils, constricted blood vessels and increased heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature. Large amounts can result in violence and unusual behaviors. Some users have feelings of anxiousness, irritability, and restlessness. Others may experience muscle twitches, paranoia, and tremors. Some effects are very severe because
Another dangerous substance is anabolic steroids. People use anabolic steroids as an illegal way to enhance their testosterone within their body as well as increase their muscle mass. Every time someone uses anabolic steroids it is considered abuse because using anabolic steroids is never recommended for you by any officials. Side effects of the drug can result in paranoid jealousy, extreme irritability, delusions, and impaired judgment from a large ego. (Steroids) Long term effects include euphoria, confusion, sleeping disorders, pathological anxiety, paranoia, and hallucinations.