Incapacitating Agents SFC. James R. Knight Jr CBRN SLC Class 003-14 Overview of Incapacitating Agents This paper will identify and discuss what an incapacitating agent is. It will identify a few moments in history where attempts to use Incapacitating methods succeeded and other moments when they failed. We will talk about the different “types” of incapacitating agents. Incapacitating agents are methods used to debilitate an enemy force without causing permanent harm. These should not be lethal and should be easily recoverable or treatable. There are two basic types of incapacitating agents; non chemical and chemical. Within each type there are different methods or routes of exposure/effect used to incapacitate ones adversary. Non chemical are auditory and microwave devices. Chemical methods include: olfactory, nerve agents, vesicants, irritants, nausea producing agents, Indole-based Psychedelics, Phenethylamine-Based Psychedelics, Opioids, Dissociative Anesthetics, Tranquilizers, and Anticholinergic Deliriants. The majority of studies is focused in the chemical type as this shows the most promise for success. Incapacitating agents, in some form, have been experimented with since as early as 600BC when Greek King Solon ordered his troops to throw Hellebore roots into streams that provided water for his enemies. King Solon’s goal was to incapacitate the enemy with diarrhea. Then in 200BC an officer in Hannibal’s army, Maharbal, poisoned wine with Mandragora and left if for the uprising tribes in Africa he was facing. The tribe greedily drank the wine and the Maharbal either killed or captured the disabled enemy soldiers. In one incident in 1672 the Bishop of Muenster used grenades filled with Belladonna; however ... ... middle of paper ... ...tate unruly patients. Anticholinergic Deliriants or Belladonnoids, show the most promise as chemical compounds used to incapacitate. Belladonnoids cause delirium in casualties and blocks both the central and peripheral muscarinic effects of acetylcholine. BZ is the most common of the synthetic Belladonnaoids. BZ can create mild delirium, loss of attention and drowsiness at low doses. To full blown ambling around looking lost and shouting in higher doses. I describe this as Zombie like trance. Recovery can take 24hrs from onset of symptoms. However the onset of symptoms is relatively slow, making BZ ineffective for military use. This is just a general over view of incapacitating agents. There are other types that were not covered. With the advancements of modern science a fast acting, nonlethal, suitable incapacitating agent may be developed in the near future.
This book covers different types of anesthetics. I used it for information before the discovery and the history of the discovery. It was useful.
Capital punishment in the essays by George Orwell, H.L. Mencken, and Norman Mailer was a necessary evil to deter crime. These authors incorporated the use of alcohol or drugs as mind-altering chemicals to relieve the pressures of the characters involved in death due to capital punishment. Chemicals such as drugs and alcohol can be used for the pleasure of relieving stress, a means to forget, or a way to subdue personal beliefs as the authors have illustrated.
The French were the first to start experimenting on chemical agents in 1912. They first used it on their people as riot control to capture criminals that who had robbed a bank. They used 26 millimeter grenades filled with chemical agents into the center of the group criminals they were attempting to apprehend. It was not said if it was effective but continued to look into using it for other means. However, the Germans at this time had not been interested in producing any kinds of chemical weapons.
Chemical warfare is the use of chemical agents to injure, incapacitate, or kill enemy combatants. First seen during World War I (WWI), the devastating effects of widespread chemical warfare were eventually deemed inhumane by an international consensus and chemical agents were subsequently banned from use. Still, despite the tendency of the modern warrior to overlook antiquated tactics, the threat of chemical agents in the theater of war cannot be entirely discounted by today's Soldier. By analyzing the application, evolution, and overall legacy of chemical weapons in the Great War we can work to minimize the danger they pose in current conflicts and those of the near future. For it is only by understanding the past that we can understand the present and shape tomorrow.
Paroxysmal rehabilitation was initiated in the early 1930’s in Europe by Ladislaus von Meduna as management for catatonic schizophrenia. Ladislaus generated seizures by the injection of camphor in oil but almost immediately interchanged camphor with metrazol because of its solubility and rapid onset of action. Also in 1934, Bini and Cerletti forged the use of electricity to persuade seizures. Electrical-induced convulsions were more prudent, inexpensive, and reliable than the camphor-induced convulsion.
more drastic measures are taken to control the patients. One of these methods even leads to a
This literature review is focusing on discussing the effects of seclusion and restraints on treatment consequences of patients in mental health area. Seclusion and Restraint are used for controlling the behavioral patterns of the mentally ill patients in different surroundings consisting of psychiatric management facilities and hospitals (Kentley, 2009). Over past decade, comprehensible consensus has come out that seclusion and restraints are secure interventions of last alternative and application of those interventions should and can be diminished significantly (Knight, 2011). However, recent studies indicated that it is traumatic for patients experiencing or witnessing restraint and seclusion traumatic; patients can feel high levels of anxiety, fear, and anger once aware that restraint is going to take place, sometimes it could resulting in an exacerbation of patient’s mental status (Stewart et al, 2010). Due to the humanitarian, ethical, and legal issues which could lead to, seclusion and restraints are known as the most controversial management strategies (Holmes, Kennedy & Perron, 2004). Previous studies and researches could not analyze this topic adequately; thus, further researches and studies related to the effects and risk managements of using seclusions and restrains will be discussed in below.
Intermediate sanctions are a new punishment option developed to fill the gap between traditional probation and traditional jail or prison sentences and to better match the severity of punishment to the seriousness of the crime. Intermediate sanctions served in the community now account for 15 percent of adjudicated juvenile cases (Puzzanchera, Adams, and Sickmund, 2011). All intermediate sanctions are enforced by the United States Criminal Justice System. The main purposes of intermediate sanctions: (1) better match the severity of punishment to the seriousness of the crime, (2) reduce institutional crowding, (3) control correctional costs. Primarily, this is a needed method of punishment to make offenders accountable for the extent of crime and if so let offenders live in their communities to fulfil punishment if not too extensive.
“Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare.” Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare. Geneva: n.p., 1925. Un.org. United Nations. Web. 21 May 2013.
Until there is a credible way to determine whether or not torture is in fact effective, I pass judgment that the practice should be discontinued. The question as to if the torture policy is a human rights violation or if it holds crucial necessity, is not answered in the essay. Applebaum explores the reality that torture possesses negative implications on the inflictor. After presented with the compelling stance and evidence, Applebaum raises the interesting question as to why so much of society believes that torture is successful. I agree that the torture policy is wrong, a point emphasized by Applebaum, contrary to the popular attitude surrounding the topic.
There are many types of restraints used as treatment for the mentally ill, some of the physical restraints used include; face-down restraints, where the patient is pinned down on the floor with their face down and arms behind their backs; posey’s, where there is a cloth vest placed around their chest and belts, which goes across the person and keeps them pinned to a bed or chair. There is also the use of chemical restraints as treatment; this is when medicine is used in order to restrain the person, the medicine would be specific to the mental disorder the individual suffers
“If one speaks about torture, one must take care not to exaggerate,” Jean Améry view of torture comes from a place of uneasiness (22). He discusses in his book At The Mind’s Limits, about the torture that he underwent while a prisoner in Auschwitz. In his chapter titled “Torture”, he goes into deep description of not only the torture he endured, but also how that torture never leaves a person. Améry goes to great lengths to make sure that the torture he speaks of is accurate and as he says on page 22, not exaggerated.
In 2011, the media reported that in US prisons a sedative used for death penalty purposes was not being used as intended by the pharmaceutical company Lundbeck. The drug Nembutal as well as others were mixed into a cocktail and administered to prisoners undergoing the death penalty. Lundbeck got word of this from
Either side much of the agents used was blister agents which are a persistent agent. Napalm was
Torture is the process of inflicting pain upon other people in order to force them to say something against their own will. The word “torture” comes from the Latin word “torquere,” which means to twist. Torture can not only be psychologically but mentally painful. Before the Enlightenment, it was perfectly legal to torture individuals but nowadays, it is illegal to torture anyone under any circumstances. In this essay, I will demonstrate why torture should never acceptable, not matter the condition.