In this research we are aiming at improving the accuracy of satellite-derived data through developing a novel technique for vicarious calibration. The technique uses an optical sensor with enhanced traceability to the SI units. The spectrometer, together with supporting equipment, will be mounted on-board a remote controlled helicopter as an efficient and low cost remote sensing tool. The on-board instruments are controlled using a mini-computer that is connected with a ground-based computer through remote network connection, so real time measurements can be observed and controlled on the ground by the operator. The spectrometer, that is required to be a palm-size detector, is operating in the VIS-NIR spectral range. The technique has the potential to provide accurate and low cost reference surface measurements for large and difficult terrains over a short period of time, which can subsequently be used to calibrate and validate satellite-derived measurements.
The optical sensor, selected to be a photodiode array spectrometer, will be calibrated against a fixed-point blackbody. This blackbody provides a high emissivity and high stability reference source of known spectral radiance over the emitted spectral range. However, the highest fixed-point that is defined by the current International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) is the copper point at 1357.77 K [10], which is not high enough to provide sufficient optical power at short wavelengths.
It is proposed in this work to calibrate the spectrometer against a eutectic fixed-point, which uses metal carbon alloy rather than pure metals [11]. These fixed-points have the potential to provide a spectral radiance blackbody source with melting points up to 3500 K [12]. However, the thermodyn...
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... sources, rather than lasers, will be studied. This approach provides a cheap, thus available, system that can be used to correct for stray light in these photodiode arrays on commercial scales.
5- The radiometric performance of the photodiode array spectrometer has to be evaluated. Correction for any inconsistency between laboratory and in-the-field measurements should be provided
6- Identify the temperature of the blackbody at the photodiode array spectrometer can be calibrated and develop a system to calibrate the spectrometer against it.
7- Develop the helicopter-based system and identify the supporting equipment that can be used a long with photodiode array instrument. These are required to include an imaging camera, and a global positioning system, so the spectral and imaging characteristics of the site can be presented along with its spatial information.
For data collection the following parameters were set up; in Smart Accessory Change window click OK and make sure setting is on Transition E.S.P., under Collect and Experimental Setup set scan number to 20 and resolution to 0.5 on the Collect tab, on the Bench tab selected a window material and wavelength number range (1950-2250 cm-1 for (v’=1 v’’=0) and 4100-4350 cm-1 for (v’=2 v’’=0)), on the Quality/Parameter tab made sure box was unchecked next to “special range…” and selected the maximum resolution, and clicked ok.
4. Upgraded Early Warning Radars (UEWR): These radars systems detect targets near the horizon, early in the ballistic missi...
The mean for the temperatures is 0.116 and the solvents is 20. We predicted the 37 Celsius would be the most absorbed, but it was the -20 Celsius which can be seen in the graph above.
One of these is infrared satellite imagery. This is explained in paragraph 2-"Infrared satellite imagery can locate objects on the ground less than two feet wide. Infrared light also can penetrate about a foot below the surface and detect differences in the soil." At first, this might seem like a great idea. But it has plenty of cons. In paragraph 4, it is explained that infrared satellite imagery needs manual help in order to reveal any discoveries, and that takes lots of time. It goes on in paragraph 6, stating that infrared cannot be used in jungles, which is exactly where many ancient civilizations hide, buried beneath the tree canopies. It also doesn't scan very deep, so anything over a foot below the surface will remain undescoverd. Another technique is brought up in paragraph 11, called Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). "The GPR sent pulses of microwave energy underground, where it bounced off buried objects. They used state of the art software to analyze the radar echoes and constructed a 3D map," (Paragraph 11). Once again, this technology has serious negatives. Scientists had to drag this bulky lawnmover-like machine in blazing heat across the jungle floor (paragraph 11). This machine is great for a workout, but not it you want to discover lost civilizations
What is a thermal imager? A thermal imager is a tool that can be used to detect differences of heat on a surface. Shown in Document C is a picture of DLK’s home after the police had used the thermal imager to scan the house. The picture showed a great amount of heat escaping from the windows and doors. Explained in Document B, the heat signatures were seen as suspicious because marijuana plants need sunlight to grow, but would be seen if they were being grown near windows. DLK used an artificial light that simulates sunlight, which created a great amount of heat that needed to be let out. Some might argue that because it only scanned the outside of the house it was not invading DLK’s privacy (Document B,C).
All instruments aboard the SOHO spacecraft fall under one of the following headings based on what area of the Sun it is suppose to observe and measure: the solar interior, the solar atmosphere, or the solar wind. The solar interior instruments such as GOLF (Global Oscillations at Low Frequencies) and VIRGO (Variability of Solar Irradiance and Gravity Oscillations) both perform oscillation measurements of the full solar disk which obtains information concerning the solar nucleus. In addition, the instruments that measure the solar atmosphere such as the CDS (Coronal Diagnostics Spectrometer) and UVCS (Ultraviolet Coronograph Spectrometer) observe both the inner and outer corona. They obtain measurements of temperature, density, composition, and velocity in the corona with high resolution. Finally, the instruments that analyze and measure the solar wind include ERNE (Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron experiment) and CELIAS (Charge, Element, and Isotope Analysis System) which measure the charge state and isotopic composition of ions in the solar wind. These two instruments also determine the charge and isotopic composition of energetic particles generated by the Sun.
A cuvette was filled 3/ 4ths of the way and the absorbance measured in a spectrophotometer. The data was compiled as a class and recorded. The Spectrophotometer was blanked using a test tube of distilled water.
The most technologically advanced part about the telescope is its mirrors and optical capturing system. “The HST is a large reflecting telescope whose mirror optics gather light from c...
In this technique the differential analysis on the base of reference material is done at different temperature. A very close and similar technique is DTA (Differential Thermal Analysis) . In these technique the material is heated at different temperature although sometimes isothermal analysis also done for specific applications. The temperature is recorded for any heat release or absorption. So the heat capacity is measured at those temperatures. Two possible modes for DSC are power compensation mode and heat flux mode DSC. So, DSC is a technique which measure the heat capacity at various temperature of material and reference. M.J.O Neill and E.S Watson has discovered this technique in 1962 . The technique is represented in 1963 at the conference of Analytical chemistry and applied spectroscopy. The main classifications
ples one through three and a second blank for sample four. A spectrophotometer was set up with a transmittance of 600nm wavelength light for this experiment. Immediately after the cuvettes were properly prepared, they were covered with parafilm and shook vigorously for two seconds to mix the components. The cuvettes were then placed into spectrophotometer and their percent transmittances were recorded. A blank was placed before measuring each cuvette. Table 3 provides the transmittance readings of each samples reduced DPIP.
Spectroscopy Spectroscopy is the study of energy levels in atoms or molecules, using absorbed or emitted electromagnetic radiation. There are many categories of spectroscopy eg. Atomic and infrared spectroscopy, which have numerous uses and are essential in the world of science. When investigating spectroscopy four parameters have to be considered; spectral range, spectral bandwidth, spectral sampling and signal-to-noise ratio, as they describe the capability of a spectrometer. In the world of spectroscopy there are many employment and educational opportunities as the interest in spectroscopy and related products is increasing.
The accuracy of data input is extremely important. There are several types of data input. They all provide different aspects of data accuracy. There is Copy and paste method, Typing of data input manually, Verbal through
have the capability to let you talk with someone across the nation or let you
Kennedy, Gerry. "The Spectronics Blog." The Spectronics Blog RSS. Spectronicsinoz, 15 May 2012. Web. 04 Mar. 2014.
Spectroscopy can help identify elements and compounds and elucidate the atomic and molecular structure by measuring the radiant energy absorbed or emitted by a substance at characteristic wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum on excitation by an external energy source. UV-Vis Spectroscopy is a technique useful for identification of organic and inorganic species and can be used for identification (qualitiative ana...