Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of energy levels in atoms or molecules,
using absorbed or emitted electromagnetic radiation. There are many
categories of spectroscopy eg. Atomic and infrared spectroscopy, which
have numerous uses and are essential in the world of science. When
investigating spectroscopy four parameters have to be considered;
spectral range, spectral bandwidth, spectral sampling and
signal-to-noise ratio, as they describe the capability of a
spectrometer. In the world of spectroscopy there are many employment
and educational opportunities as the interest in spectroscopy and
related products is increasing. However Spectroscopy is not a recent
development, as it has been utilized for many years since Isaac Newton
made the first advances in 1666. Spectroscopy is the study of light as
a function of wavelength that has been emitted, reflected or scattered
from a solid, liquid, or gas.
Fundamentals of Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the distribution of electromagnetic energy as a
function of wavelength. Spectrum is basically white light dispersed by
a prism to produce a rainbow of colours; the rainbow is the spectrum
of sunlight refracted through raindrops. All objects with temperatures
above absolute zero emit electromagnetic radiation by virtue of their
warmth alone; this radiation is emitted at increasingly shorter
wavelengths as temperature is increased. Individual atoms can emit and
absorb radiation only at particular wavelengths equal to the changes
between the energy levels in the atom. The spectrum of a given atom
therefore consists of a series of emission or absorption lines. Inner
atomic electrons g...
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inorganic analyses. Mass spectroscopy originated in 1919 by a British
scientist named Francis Aston when a machine was created for the
purpose for measuring the proportions and masses of the atomic species
in part of a sample. A mass spectrometer is an instrument that
measures the masses of individual molecules that have been converted
into ions e.g molecules that have been electrically charged. A Mass
Spectrum is a plot of ion intensity as a function of the ion's
mass-to-charge ratios.
Spectroscopy is a diverse and complex branch of science. It has many
uses and is widely acknowledged as an essential part of development in
the world of science.
A spectrum is an image or distribution of colour of any
electromagnetic radiation arranged in a progressive series according
to wavelength.
Absorbance was defined as: log I_o/I where I_o is incident light and I is the transmitted light. Fluorescence emission spectrum is different from fluorescence excitation spectrum because it records different wavelengths of chemical s...
The color that was chose to be shined through the sample was purple. The spectrophotometer was set at a wavelength of 400nm to represent the purple color. It was zeroed using the blank meaning the spectrophotometer read zero as absorbance amount. The blank consisted of 5mL of water and 2.5 mL AVM and it was placed in cuvette. A solution with a known concentration of 2.0x10-4 M was used in the spectrometer. For this solution, 5 mL of the solution with 2.5 mL of AMV was placed in the cuvette. The cuvette was placed inside of spectrophotometer and the amount of absorbance was recorded. This procedure that involves a solution with a known concentration was repeated for the concentrations:1.0x10-4 M,5.0x10-5 M,2.0x10-5M, and1.0x10-5M.A unknown solution absorbance was measured by putting 5 mL of unknown solution with 2.5 mL AMV in a cuvette. The cuvette was placed in the spectrophotometer and the amount of absorbance was recorded. The procedure that deals with the unknown solution was repeated 2 more times with the same solution and the same amount of solution and AMV. The average of the three unknown solution was calculated and the concentration of the unknown solution was
IR spectroscopy measures the absorption of infrared light that corresponds to transitions among different molecular vibrations (Gilbert & Martin 2011). An IR spectroscopy is typically used to determine the presence or absence of functional groups of a given
Infra-red spectroscopy was first used in 1950's by Wilbur Kaye. He designed a machine that tested the near-infrared spectrum and was able to provide the theory to describe the results. There have been many advances in the field of IR Spec, the most applicable was the application of Fourier Transformations. ”The Fourier Transform is a tool that breaks a waveform (a function or signal) into an alternate representation, characterized by sine an...
The living system is a complicated system to deal with. Higher the level of the organism, complex is the understanding of the mechanisms of action, structures and dynamics of the biomolecules associated with the proper functioning of the system. It is in this regard that the progress in single molecule detection (SMD) and single molecule spectroscopy (SMS) has proved to be a boon. Although, initially it raised doubts among many as to whether it is really advantageous over ensemble measurements and whether any additional information can be obtained from such experiments, the utilities of such methods are being realized off late (Fig 1).
Spectrophotometry is a widely used method to calculate how much light is absorbed by a chemical substance. This is done by measuring the intensity of light as it passes through a sample solution. The principle of this method is that a compound absorbs or transmits light over a certain wavelength from which the measurement can be used to calculate the concentration of a known chemical substance.
The molar absorption coefficient can be found in an absorption spectrum. The absorption spectra is generate...
It does seem that are world is almost always in a state of confusion and even more
The spectrum of an object is the variation in the intensity of its radiation at different wavelengths.
Hendra, P.; Jones, C.; Warnes, G. “The vibrational behaviour of molecules”, in Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation and Chemical Applications; Ellis Horwood Ltd.: Chichester, England, 1991.
Metaphysics can be defined as an attempt to comprehend the basic characteristics of reality. It is in fact so basic that it is all inclusive, whether something is observable or not. It answers questions of what things must be like in order to exist and how to differentiate from things that seem real but are not. A common thought is that reality is defined as what we can detect from our five senses. This type of philosophy is called empiricism, which is the idea that all knowledge comes from our senses. An empiricist must therefore believe that what we can see, touch, taste, smell, and hear must be real and that if we can not in fact see, touch, taste, smell, or hear something, it is definitely not real. However, this is a problem because there are things that are real that cannot be detected by our senses. Feelings and thoughts can not be detected, so according to a true empiricist, they must not be real. Another example that is listed in the textbook is the laws of gravity (Stewart 84). This is something that is in fact proven and we can see the effects of it, but we can not see gravity itself. Once again, this would not be considered to be “real.” However, there are certain things that some people consider to be real, and others consider them not to be. This typically comes into play when discussing religion. Some people consider God to be real although they can not “sense” Him and others say that He is not real, possibly because of the fact that they can no...
Since physics actually means the physical world; Meta involves the non-material world, such as the mind and spiritual brief. According to Encarta Encyclopedia, “Metaphysics,” is a branch of philosophy that entails the "nature of ultimate reality" (p.1) According to the Hummingbird N Company’s, “The Metaphysical Sciences,” the dictionary defines this as “A mental philosophy dealing with the nature and causes of being and knowing” (p.1). H. J. Patton (1948), say’s in Immanuel Kent Ground Work of the Metaphysics of Morals, “so act that your will can regard itself at the same time universal law thought its maxim” (p.34). The interoperation was that the universal law was the human’s as rational beings. Therefore, act, as you will but at the same time having the rational beings at the maximum of self-value. Patton goes on to say the rational being is having universal law at is maxim, is giving ones self-supreme value (p. 35). Therefore, Patton feels making decisions should be based on maxims of the universal law (p. 108). Which means all decisions should be made rationally.
Quantum theory, which has been discovered for more than 100 years, changed the game rule. It seems to be a disaster and also a godsend. In this article, I would like to introduce this rarely-known game changer which changed the classical to the modern, analog to digital, and certainty to uncertainty. Few people notice that quantum appear in everywhere, not only about science, but also highly related to technology, contributing our modern world. Let's have a look into the amazing quantum world.
One thing us as humans have never been able to fully understand is astronomy. Always having an unexplained mystery, astronomy also has served as a way to keep time and predict the future. The word “astronomy” is defined as the study of heavenly bodies, meaning anything in the sky such as stars, galaxies, comets, planets, nebulae, and so on. Many people, if not everyone, is amazed by the night sky on a clear, moonless night.
is impossible to specify a single best method to carry out a given analysis in