I. INTRODUCTION
The wrong message in wrong hands can alter the course of history. Fast forward to 1945, cryptography was rampant. The Germans were using Enigma machines, making it almost impossible for the Allies to decode their messages, or so they thought. Little did the Germans know that the Allies were able to decode it, exposing war plans and helping end the war. The Allies nicknamed all intelligence involving Germans “Ultra”. Using Ultra, Allies were able to find German naval and land positions and take out land installations when the enemy least expected it. While the physical device was almost uncrackable, a leak in 1931 when the German Defense ministry gave the French manuals of the Enigma machine led to their downfall [1]. Using the manual the Allies created a replica, allowing any code to be read. Looking back on this, we can learn how easy it is to screw up a theoretically perfect cipher through human error.
The word cryptography comes from the Greek word of kryptos, meaning hidden. The idea behind cryptograph is to allow two people to communicate in secret without others reading or altering the message. Even if an outside person somehow intercepts this message, they will not be able to translate it into readable form effectively ending any leak of information. Early code involved ciphers (keys) that simply moved the alphabet over a couple of letters by a set amount that both the sender and recipient would both know. While that sort of encryption can easily be cracked today, we have many advanced methods to shield our outflow of information. Cyber security is a huge field in computer science that will only grow as human come up with evermore-complex coding methods.
II. FUNDAMENTALS
Three main ideas exist in cryptograph...
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... to authenticate who sent the message using a digital certificate. When the sender transmits the information to the recipient, they also include a signature (digital certificate) encrypted with their public key. One the recipient gets the encoded digital certificate, the sender’s public key is used to verify if the sender is really who they identify themselves as [11].
IV. PROMISE AND LIMITATIONS
Cyber security is an important part of our growing world. More business is conducted through the internet than ever before. Therefore, it is important to keep our information secure, because currently information is a commodity.
A need for cryptography will never wane. There is always data that needs has to be encrypted and in our lifetimes, it will only get faster and easier. As more progress is made in the field of mathematics, new algorithms form from those discoveries.
What is encryption? Encryption is a technological technique that protects and secures the transfer of plain text information between two sources through the use of the internet. This is done by rearranging the text using a mathematical algorithm that renovates the message into an indecipherable form, which can only be unlocked and translated with a use of a key. The strength of the encryption key is measured by its length, which is determined by the number of bits and by the type of encryption program.
RSA encryption is the foundation of public key cryptography security products. For example, credit card companies use the RSA algorithm for customers’ individual online WebPages. The credit card companies publish a big number on WebPages, which is made by big prime numbers using the RSA algorithm. Since neither computers nor people can factor such big numbers, the RSA encryption system has secured many customers’ information.
Codes, on their surface, reveal little. While they may take the form of numbers, letters, bytes, or symbols, the primary goal of most codes is either to conceal or condense information. In the context of codebreaking, the codes that pique the most interest are, of course, the ones that hide a message from unauthorized eavesdroppers. The role of the codebreaker is not always the honest one, for it is his/her job to undo the careful manipulations of the sender to uncover, without the key for the lock, what the message contains. To do this, he/she must rely on intuition, on reasoning, and sometimes on “luck,” to get his/her way.
..., Nicholas G. 2010. “Past, Present, and Future Methods of Cryptography and Data Encryption.” Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Cyber security is the designing, creating, using, and repairing most technological and mechanical equipment. This includes programing and creating new technology before it is mass produced in order to insure safety and quality. It also cover the use of programs to protect and fix technological and mechanical equipment from malfunctions, viruses, and hackers. Lastly, cyber security includes the repairing and upkeep of most electronically designed systems. This job is important because most of today’s world is entirely made up of system that need to be protected, maintained, and constantly improved. This jobs needed in order to keep developed countries stable and able to keep developing,
Codes have been around for centuries ranging from wax, invisible ink, Morse code, the Enigma used by the Germans during World War II and now steganographic. Steganography is the latest form to insidiously hide information over the Internet without a trace of a file being altered. You are able to hide messages within images, voice or music. Steganography is an ancient method of hiding messages. Today messages are hidden in images and music. Steganography can be traced back to the ancient Greek who would write messages on tablets and cover them in wax. This made the tablets look blank and unsuspicious (Kolata, F4). Citizens of ancient civilizations would tattoo messages on their shaved heads. They would then let their hair grown in and travel across enemy lines to deliver the message (Seper, G1). During World War II the Allies placed a ban on flower deliveries with dates, crossword puzzles and even report cards (Kolata, F4) for fear of a message being hidden with in. Steganographers first alter their data by using encryption and then place the image into a pre-select image. Steganographers look for a piece of code that would be the least significant and look the least altered to the human eye (Kolata, F4), being as inconspicuousness and random as possible. This makes the messages undetectable unless you knew that there is a message hidden and you were able to crack the code.
...tal part of lives just like privacy. Using cryptology provides mechanisms through a digital signature. This signature is inserted using a key (that only the writer of the email possesses) whilst a timestamp binds itself to the document. This type of cryptography is used to control access of security installations or pay-per-view television channels.
In today’s society technology is used for everything. With the invention of computers and the internet this open doors to the cyber world. Today you can do almost anything without having to leave your home. The internet gives us the opportunity of shopping online, ordering food online, working from home and video chatting with friends and family across the world. Everyone has a computer and internet access in their homes. While the internet is really convenient it also opens doors for cybercrimes, loss of privacy and the need for computer security.
Despite the numerous advantages offered by cloud computing, security is a big issue concerned with cloud computing. There are various security issues and concerns associated with cloud computing, among them being phishing, data loss and data privacy. There are different mitigation measures that cloud pioneers are currently using to ensure data stored in the cloud remain secure and confidential as intended. Encryption is one mitigation method used to ensure security in cloud computing. According to Krutz and Vines (2010), encryption involves coding of the data stored in the computing cloud such that hackers cannot gain access to the data. Data encryption seems to be the most effective method of ensuring security in computing (Krutz and Vines, 2010). However, it is of paramount importance to note that encrypted data is usually difficult to search or perform various calculations on it.
The internet allows people to communicate sensitive information, and if received in the wrong hands can cause many problems for that person. Cryptography is the study or science of techniques of secret writing and message hiding. Cryptography constitutes any method in which someone attempts to hide a message, or the meaning, in some medium. One specific element of cryptography is encryption, which hides the data or information by transforming it into undecipherable code. Encryption uses a specified key to perform the data transformation.
“In the early years of World War II,” (Sales), the airways in Poland were flooded with coded messages that created confusion with the “cryptanalyst working in the cipher bureau” (Maziakowski). Over a several years over Poland received thousands of messages but still hadn’t any luck.
capacity and performance. However, as networks enable more and more applications and are available to more and more users, they become ever more vulnerable to a wider range of security threats. To combat those threats and ensure that e-business transactions are not compromised, security technology must play a major role in today's networks.
The nation has become dependent on technology, furthermore, cyberspace. It’s encompassed in everything we deliver in our daily lives, our phones, internet, communication, purchases, entertainment, flying airplane, launching missiles, operating nuclear plants, and implicitly, our protection. The more ever-growing technology empower Americans, the more they become prey to cyber threats. The United States Executive Office of the President stated, “The President identified cybersecurity as one of the top priorities of his administration in doing so, directed a 60-day review to assess polices.” (United States Executive Office of the President, 2009, p.2). Furthermore, critical infrastructure, our network, and internet alike are identified as national assets upon which the administration will orchestrate integrated cybersecurity policies without infringing upon and protecting privacy. While protecting our infrastructure, personal privacy, and civil liberties, we have to keep in mind the private sector owns and operates the majority of our critical and digital infrastructure.
The world is in another cold war, except this time countries are battling for cyber supremacy. Cyberspace is a massive land of ever-changing technology and personal interaction (McGuffin and Mitchell 1). Cyberspace is not only a place where people post pictures and update their profile, but it also plays an enormous role in running a country. Advanced countries use computers to guide their military, keep track of citizens, run their power grids, and hold plans for nuclear devices and nuclear power. Risks to commercial and government concerns are now being noticed and many countries are taking actions to prevent such threats (McGuffin and Mitchell 1).
To begin with, cyber security is described as the body of technologies, processes and practices designed to protect networks, computers, programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access (Lewis, 2002). In a foreign policy brief, the White House described the importance of combatting cyber security. They said: Cyberspace touches nearly every part of our daily lives. It's the broadband networks beneath us and the wireless signals around us, the local networks in our schools and hospitals and businesses, and the massive grids that power our nation. It's the classified military and intelligence networks that keep us safe, and the World Wide Web that has made us more interconnected than at any time in human history. We must ...