Cyber Warfare Essay
analytical Essay
1366 words
Andrew Massung
Mr. Wyse
ENC 1101
15 October 2015
Cyber Warfare: the New Frontier Since the beginning of time, mankind has waged war against each other. Over the years warfare has evolved, from fighting with sticks and stones to using gunpowder and launching missiles. The newest, and possibly most destructive, type of warfare is cyber warfare. Cyber warfare has the possibility to be more devastating than nuclear warfare. The world is in another cold war, except this time countries are battling for cyber supremacy. Cyberspace is a massive land of ever changing technology and personal interaction (McGuffin and Mitchell 1). Cyberspace is not only a place that people post pictures and update their profile, but it also plays an enormous role in running a country. Advanced countries use computers to guide their military, keep track of citizens, run their
…show more content…
In this essay, the author
- Explains how warfare has evolved from fighting with sticks and stones to using gunpowder and launching missiles. the newest, and possibly most destructive, type of warfare is cyber warfare.
- Explains that cyberspace is a massive land of ever changing technology and personal interaction. advanced countries use computers to guide their military, keep track of citizens, run their power grids, and hold plans for nuclear devices.
- Explains that cyber warfare is used to achieve political objectives, cyber espionage and exploitation, and cyber-attacks on physical infrastructure.
- Explains that anonymous is a hacking group that acts against abuses of power such as large corporations. china has been accused of hacked into government files.
- Explains that cyberspace is a mysterious realm of unknown people and unknown intentions. it needs extra defense due to the amount of classified information that is stored online.
- Explains that snowden's leaks about nsa global surveillance programs have provided a glimpse into the ever-broadening scope of cyber power.
- Explains that warfare is always evolving and everyone wants the new and more powerful weapon. cyber warfare has the possibility to be more destructive than nuclear war.
- Analyzes crowther, g. alexander, and shaheen ghori's "detangling the web: a screenshot of u.s. government cyber activity." joint force quarterly july 2015.
- Describes mcguffin, chris, and paul mitchell's article, "on domains: cyber and the practice of warfare."
- Opines that olender, michael, keeping pace with cyber power, defense, and warfare. journal of international and global studies 6.2 (2015): 55+.
- Analyzes thomas, teka. cyber defense: who's in charge? national defense july 2015: 21+.
Warfare is always evolving and everyone wants the new and more powerful weapon; from men fighting with sticks and stones to launching nuclear missiles and full scale invasions. The newest type of warfare is cyber warfare. Cyber warfare has the possibility to be more destructive than nuclear war.
Works Cited
Crowther, G. Alexander, and Shaheen Ghori. "Detangling the web: a screenshot of U.S. government cyber activity." Joint Force Quarterly July 2015: 75+. War and Terrorism Collection. Web. 28 Oct. 2015.
"Edward Snowden Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2015.
McGuffin, Chris, and Paul Mitchell. “On domains: cyber and the practice of warfare.” International Journal 69.3 (2014): 394+. Academic OneFile. Web. 5 Oct. 2015.
Olender, Michael. “Keeping Pace with Cyber Power, Defense, and Warfare.” Journal of International and Global Studies 6.2 (2015): 55+. Academic OneFile. Web. 5 Oct. 2015. Thomas, Teka. "Cyber defense: Who 's in charge?" National Defense July 2015: 21+. War and Terrorism Collection. Web. 28 Oct.
Related
- analytical
- explanatory
- opinion
- Cyber Warfareanalytical essayCyber Warfare Introduction Many nations in the world - the United States, China, Russia, Iran, Germany, and more- use cyber warfare as a method of conducting sabotage and espionage. Nations, such as China and Russia, use espionage in order to prevent their economy and their military technology from falling behind by stealing advanced nations’ technology. Other nations, including Israel and Iran, focus on sabotaging other nations to cripple them, by sending malwares that destroy important data on the system, from advancing their technology and costing them a decent amount of money due to repairs. Another popular cyber attack used, mainly with hacktivist, government- sympathetic groups not owned by the government, and nations less advanced in technology, is Denial-of-service, or DoS. DoS is used to hinder the target’s website and other things that are maintained by computers by making it unavailable to intended users.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cyber warfare is a method of sabotage and espionage in the united states, china, russia, iran, germany, and more.
- Explains that cyber attacks are expensive to acquire, unreliable, and fiddly, but they are deadly. the government prioritizes on protecting government properties, then privately owned industries.
- Explains that unlike worms and virus, there are non-forceful methods of infiltration like the one used in the lethal operation stealing confidential information from nato networks.
- Explains that iran is a fierce player in cyber warfare focusing on offensive cyber attacks rather than their cyber security. the syrian electronic army has successfully bypassed u.s. media, such as the associated press and the new york times by dos for twenty hours.
- Explains that israel was one of the victims of iran's cyber attack. the carmel tunnels toll road was unavailable for two days, causing thousands of dollars in damage.
- Explains that the pentagon is seeking more power for cyber defense. they propose that military cyber-specialists be given special permission to step outside the usual military requirement to protect vital information.
- Explains that cyber warfare has caused the united states many problems, such as traffic override devices being banned, and financial and political impacts. north korea, on the other hand, has the biggest advantages.
- Analyzes clayton, mark, and sirs issues researcher's article, "the new cyber arms race."
- Explains colarik, andrew m. cyber terrorism : political and economic implications. hershey, pa: idea group pub, 2006.
- Analyzes the economist's "digital doomsters; cyber-warfare." gale power search.
- Explains eriksson, johan, and giampiero giacomello. international relations and security in the digital age.
- States estrin, daniel, "ap exclusive: israeli tunnel hit by cyber attack." usa today, 27 oct. 2013.
- Quotes siobhan gorman, "china singled out for cyberspying." the wall street journal, 4 nov. 2011.
- Analyzes masnick, mike, "should we want a cyberwar?" techdirt. n.p., 20 june 2012.
- Analyzes nakashima, ellen, and sirs issues researcher's article, "pentagon seeks more powers for cyberdefense."
- Analyzes paisley's "the impact of a cyber war." defense tech rss. n.p., 16 jan. 2008.
- Explains stantis, scott. fighting cyber spying. digital image. us news. u.s.news & world report, 2013.
- Quotes waterman, shaun, in washington times, "obama hits pause on u.s. action in face of crippling cyber strikes from syria, iran."
1748 wordsRead More - Cyber Crime And The Future Essayanalytical essayWith so many dangers that confront the United States, it is impossible to know all type of attacks that can happen in the cyber world. There can be combinations of not only known but also unknown vulnerabilities and attacks that makes it hard for the United States to protect its self and there classified information. “We face nation states, terrorist networks, organized criminal groups, individuals, and other cyber actors with varying combinations of a...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cybercrime has made a huge impact on how the world is run today. it involves stealing, destroying or using information that is gathered illegally from public and private sectors and being able to use maliciously.
- Opines that it is impossible to know all types of attacks that can happen in the cyber world. terrorist groups and sympathizers have expressed interest in using cyber means to target the united states.
- Explains that the number of cyber-attacks in 2012 was 102 attacks per week, and in 2013 was around 122 attacks. the amount of money that goes into cyber preventions is expensive.
- Explains the steps taken to prevent cyber-crimes, such as the cnci, which was created by george w bush in 2008.
- Analyzes how target's recent attack shows that no one is safe from cyber-attacks. target has one of the best security information groups in retails, and having this breach happen is not only mind blowing but also an eye opener.
- Explains that hackers and cyber criminals have been around since computers were created. they have taken advantage of the internet epidemic by violating and exploiting their way into peoples personal information from abroad and also in the united states.
1051 wordsRead More - Cyberwarfare in the Real Worldexplanatory essayCyber warfare, the use of computers to fight in cyberspace, is both effective in playing offense and defense in a modern day war. “Cyber war uses computer software to attack an enemy’s computer systems” (Smith). In today’s world, there is cyber warfare all over the place, you just cannot see it. Cyber warfare takes place in the “cyber realm” also known as the internet. The people that take part in the online “war” are the hackers, and their victims. The hackers can take control of their victim’s computer in a whole bunch of different ways. They can do anything from Cross-Site Scripting to SQL Injecting to even stealing your passwords to bank accounts, credit cards and more! Online warfare has grown massively over the years. In the earlier years, the hacker would take control of the computer and see what you were doing. Now, hackers can send crippling virus’s to your computer or the maintenance building of a corporation and shut it down for quite a while.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cyber warfare is effective in playing offense and defense in a modern day war. cyber warfare uses computer software to attack an enemy’s computer systems.
- Explains that a hacker uses computers to gain unauthorized access to data. hackers target corporate victims engaged in big financial transactions. china is the second biggest hacking group in the world.
- Explains that hacking can be done anywhere in the world, such as using weaponized computer code and computer based sabotage. hackers can use key loggers and other techniques to steal personal information.
- Explains that hackers inject malicious code into a website from their internet browser. sql injection is another code injection type of hack. hackers steal fttp passwords.
- Explains how hacking has evolved over the years. the cia's website was vandalized, and the new york times was defaced by hackers.
- Explains that cyber warfare is effective in playing offense and defense in a modern day war.
1264 wordsRead More - Cyberterrorism and the Impact of the US Patriot Actanalytical essaySharp Parker, A. (2009). Cyberterrorism: The Emerging Worldwide Threat. In D. Canter, The Faces of Terrorism: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 245-255). Malden: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the maroochy shire case in queensland, australia, was committed by vitek boden, an engineer for pacific paradise.
- States that the usa patriot act was passed in response to the attack on the world trade center in new york city.
- Explains that the usa patriot act allows agents to survey the actual suspect rather than independent forms of communication.
- Explains how the usa patriot act modernized the investigative abilities of federal agencies to protect the american public from terrorism.
- Cites the 107th congress, the department of justice, and the federation of american scientists.
1081 wordsRead More - Curbing Cyberterrorismanalytical essayDang, S. (2011). The Prevention of Cyberterrorism and Cyberwar. Retrieved January 26, 2014 from http://al.odu.edu/mun/docs/Issue%20brief%202011%20-%20The%20Prevention%20of%20Cyberterrorism%20and%20Cyberwar.pdf
In this essay, the author
- Explains that computers and networks play an important role in everyday life, and that organizations must have adequate policies in place to decrease the likelihood of such attacks.
- Explains that cyberterrorism can originate from a variety of sources, including hackers, political or religious zealots, and disgruntled employees.
- Opines that cyberterrorism is a rapidly evolving threat in the contemporary world, and that organizations that are better prepared for an attack will be better able to respond efficiently and effectively.
- Cites dang, s. (2011). the prevention of cyberterrorism and cyberwar.
- Argues that employee education and monitoring are the most effective components of a policy to mitigate and prevent cyberterrorism.
742 wordsRead More - Bruce Berkowitz's The New Face of Waranalytical essayThe power to disable an enemy force without ever having to fire a shot might be closer than we think. While no one knows exactly what the future holds, it seems viruses, Trojans, and worms will continue to be used in an effort to attack and disable opposing forces across the world. If the United States wants to remain in an advantageous position in the information war, spending towards cyber security in our nation will have to increase. This book provides an enjoyable start to learning about information warfare, historical examples of how information has shaped battles, and what to expect in the years to come.
In this essay, the author
- Recommends bruce berkowitz's the new face of war: how war will be fought in the 21st century for anyone working in intelligence or in a position of power that influences government spending on national security or military operations.
- Explains that various agencies seek bruce berkowitz's input on information technology on warfare due to his experience. he holds an academic research position at stanford university and is a senior analyst at rand corporation.
- Argues that information technology is so important in war today that it overwhelms everything else. fronts will exist only in cyberspace, which will level the "playing field" amongst all countries and militaristic organizations.
- Analyzes how al qaeda and osama bin laden gained the information advantage by collecting, communicating, processing and protecting information in their plans to attack the u.s.
- Analyzes berkowitz's historical examples, such as the allies breaking german and japanese codes during world war ii and union forces employing misleading information to the confederates in the civil war.
- Analyzes how berkowitz draws heavily from the work of john boyd and tom rona.
- Analyzes how berkowitz provides lessons to be learned from historical accounts. the military culture encourages innovation while it discourages new ideas.
- Opines that commanding and controlling information is almost always more important than firepower and speed. information technology has revolutionized the way wars are fought, and it will continue to change the "face" of war in the coming years.
- Opines that if the united states wants to remain in an advantageous position in the information war, spending towards cyber security in our nation will have to increase.
1201 wordsRead More - State and Non-state Actors that Pose the Greatest Cyber Threat to the United Statesexplanatory essayWilson, C. (2007). Information Operations, Electronic Warfare, And Cyberwar: Capabilities And Related Policy Issues. Retrieved from http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL31787.pdf
In this essay, the author
- Explains that both the department of homeland security and dod play key roles in the national effort for the protection of cikrs.
- Explains that the department of treasury has developed an ssp to address security and was written in conjunction with the financial and banking information infrastructure committee (fbiic).
- Cites wilson, c. (2007). information operations, electronic warfare, and cyberwar: capabilities and related policy issues.
- Identifies the state and non-state actors that pose the greatest cyber-threat to the united states.
- Explains that balancing privacy, security, and surveillance and protecting critical infrastructure is challenging for policy makers.
- Explains that critical infrastructure planning provides resiliency within critical resources that are critical to the nation; failure of any one part may have a cascading effect.
- Cites cesc 635: critical infrastructure security and policy from the university of maryland university college.
- Explains that gen. alexander calls for 'secure, protected zone' on internet for nation's networks.
- Explains that new research from nominum reveals worst global cyber threats of 2012.
- Explains the sarbanes-oxley act of 2002 and the department of defense architecture framework v2.0.
- Cites the executive office of the president's presidential decision directives and sandia national laboratories' national supervisory control and data acquisition.
1669 wordsRead More - Infringing the Fourth Amendment: Edward Snowden and The NSAanalytical essayWeaver, Nicholas. "A Close Look at the NSA’s Most Powerful Internet Attack Tool." Wired.com. Conde Nast Digital, 14 Mar. 2011. Web. 15 Mar. 2014.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that mass surveillance by the united states government has been a predominant reoccurring issue since classified government documents were leaked in may of 2013.
- Describes edward snowden as a 29-year-old former technical assistant for the cia and current employee of the defense contractor booz allen hamiliton.
- Explains that prism is an eavesdropping program that collects data from fiber-optic cable networks that carry the world's internet and phone data.
- Argues that the nsa's surveillance programs have revolutionized the way the government can find and dismantle terrorist operations.
- Opines that the federal government's surveillance programs need to be rebuilt. without constitutional liberties, the united states is no better than those countries we oppose because of their lack of fundamental rights.
- Explains that there are three types of hackers: white, grey, and black hat. the nsa developed a system called quantum in the 2000s.
- Explains that the national security agency's reach has grown considerably in recent years. tor is a brilliant way to stay anonymous from the government and independent hackers.
- Explains how the nsa plans to infect millions of computers with malware. schneier, bruce, and nicholas weaver.
1616 wordsRead More - Murphy, D. (2010). War is war? the utility of cyberspace operations in the contemporary operational environment. Center for Strategic Leadership, U.S. Army War College , 1-10. Retrieved from http://www.infowar-monitor.net/2010/02/war-is-war-a-workshop-on-the-strategic-utility-of-cyberspace-operations-in-the-contemporary-operational-environment/
In this essay, the author
- Explains that working in a joint/combined nature of the contemporary operational environment (coe) leads to numerous considerations of security when it comes to information sharing and intelligence productions.
- Explains that the president mandated and congress has written into law, the homeland security act of 2002, and presidential executive order 13356, which prescribes a standard across the board for joint forces to conduct information sharing and intelligence production.
- Explains that joint and combined coe have more in-depth security concerns than joint. the basic standards for security requirements and procedures are established in dod 5200.1-r, information security program.
- Explains that the army uses army regulation (ar) 380-5, department of army information security program, as the main information classification and procedure guide.
- Explains that the air force is responsible for air assets, including fighters, equipment/personnel transports and unmanned arial vehicles. they are also broken down into mission units and have their own support system and intelligence units.
- Explains that the marines and navy mission focus is the sea or ocean and support the army; however, they do have their own infantry and can conduct operations similar to the army infantry. mission, structure, tactics, and security requirements receive a great portion of attention.
- Explains that commanders and intelligence officers must have a good understanding of dod 5200.1-r, especially when it comes to classification and compartmentalization, working in joint environment.
- Explains that the commander must set rules of engagement pertaining to security requirements to limit what is shared amongst allies because we don't want them to know our tactics, techniques, and procedures (ttp).
- Explains that cyberspace operations are a growing trend amongst our adversaries and the united states. loss of information due to improper sharing and product dissemination can prevent the us from having battlefield superiority.
- Opines that recognition of mission success can be a factor of tension between forces when working with allies and sharing information.
- Explains that the joint/combined nature of the coe does not influence information sharing and intelligence production, because it allows more cross-talk amongst joint or combined forces improving relationships. military leaders like the idea of conducting io because they perceive that more products shared the more intelligence that can be developed.
- Explains that attempting to create improved relationships in the coe can be catastrophic should there be a misinterpretation or misunderstanding of plans between forces. opening the lines of communication affords the allies the opportunity to learn our structure and vulnerabilities.
- Argues that a common framework and standards of information sharing and product dissemination utilizing the network environment or enterprise, will enhance information quality and situational awareness. the current multi-function system is distributed common ground system (dcgs).
- Explains that the evolution of the net-centric environment has challenged the armed forces to keep up with the latest technology to maintain battlefield superiority in the coe.
- Opines that information sharing can lead to great relationships, open the loc, improve the knowledge of accessible information, and a more successful outcome of the mission within the coe.
- Explains that relations between countries are very important for world economics, since an event or situation affects one country, it eventually has second and third order effects on other countries. dissemination of information to allies can affect the timeliness of mission execution.
- Explains that loc encourages both joint and combined forces to learn about each other's culture and language.
- Explains that it takes years of training, integration, and experience to learn different languages and understand the culture that accompany the language. poor communication, due to language barriers, can lead to misinterpretation of information contained in products.
- Explains that the army invests billions of dollars to educate and train soldiers on newly developed equipment, such as dcgs, to improve the collection, processing, and development of intelligence from data.
- Explains that allowing our allies to have access to information and knowledge of our ttps can lead to a security breach where spies may reveal information or products to our adversaries or threat.
- Explains that information sharing from cross-talk gives both forces a better picture of the coe enhancing successful mission outcomes.
- Opines that mission success will be affected by crosstalk because there are certain meetings that allies will not be able to attend due to the nature and classification level of the topic of discussion.
- Explains that working in a combined coe would change the type of missions that are executed because of the limited security or compartmentalization set, will allow the allies to gain access to and leak information to their insurgent partners.
- Explains that working in a joint/combined nature of the coe leads to numerous considerations of security when it comes to information sharing and intelligence productions.
- Cites conner, w. d. and dybo, c. (2010). intelligence workstation certification course (iwcc).
- Explains that headquarters, department of the army. (2008). fm 3-0 operations [1-4].
- Cites sales, n. a., "share and share alike: intelligence agencies, information sharing."
2556 wordsRead More - Cyber Security as an International Security Threatopinion essayNational and International Security is a sum of the actions taken by countries and other organizations that can guarantee the safety and well being of their population. It is vital for a nation to pre-emptively discover what issues could affect their security, and take action to prevent any detrimental or harmful events from happening. With the development of technology and the transition into a more technologically savvy society, cyber security has become one of the most prevalent and important economic and national security issues that the United States will come to face.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cyber security is a sum of the actions taken by countries and other organizations that can guarantee the safety and well-being of their population.
- States that president barack obama has identified cyber security as a key issue the nation will face.
- Explains that cyber security is the body of technologies, processes and practices designed to protect networks, computers, programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access.
- Explains that cyber security is often thought of in military terms, but the entire information and communication technologies (ict) structure can be compared to an ecosystem.
- Explains that government, military, corporations, banks, hospitals and other businesses collect and save confidential information on computers. recent cyber attacks have allowed sensitive personal and business information to be put into the wrong hands.
- Explains that cyber terrorism is a premeditated or politically motivated attack against the network of information, computer systems, computers, programs, and data.
- Explains that each level creates a way of being able to corrupt and control computer networks or any other type of target. the unstructured level has the ability to conduct basic hacks against individual systems, while the advanced structured level means the attacker can perform advanced attacks against multiple systems.
- Explains that cyber terrorism is an enormous concern to our national and international security, since cyber terrorists can shut down all of the major systems that american citizens depend upon daily.
- Explains that cyber terrorism began to surface in the 1980s, but it wasn't until 2001 that it was showcased to the world. the september 11th terrorist attack led to more extensive media coverage of potential threats.
- Opines that cyber terrorists could wreak havoc on critical infrastructure by hacking the supervisory control and data acquisition (scada) systems.
- Explains how shawn carpenter prevented a potentially devastating cyber attack nicknamed "titan rain." carpenter discovered coordinated cyber raids that the fbi believed to have started from government cells in china.
- Explains that cyber criminals have increased their exploitation through the stealing of money and intellectual property. they can overwhelm networks and disrupt operations of large businesses.
- Argues that a way to combat the threat of cyber terrorism is to improve our resilience to cyber incidents and to reduce cyber threats.
- Explains the importance of establishing a front line of defense against cyber threats. the computer emergency response team (cert) works to secure systems with hardware and software protection, install intrusion and detection systems, and respond quickly to interference in cyber space.
- Explains that regular testing of network security maintains a front line of defense against cyber threats. network professionals believe that encryption is critical in defenses, and creating an invulnerable password system is vital in maintaining security.
- Opines that cyber security experts and hacking specialists will help the government gain insight as to the weaknesses of any cyber program. cyber terrorists need only one susceptible spot to infiltrate a network.
- Opines that defending against cyber threats by enhancing u.s. counterintelligence capabilities and increasing the security and monitoring of cyber space is vital in maintaining cyber security.
- Explains that the internet has become a safe haven for terrorists because it can create hatred towards their enemy, reach out to millions internationally, remain anonymous, and eliminate the need to travel and rick becoming detained.
- Opines that government and industry should work together to combat cyber terrorism, which enables a reduction of costs and involving more people and ideas to achieve better cyber security.
- Opines that a shortage of cyber security experts is an issue in both the government and the private sector. creating programs and degrees centered on cyber education and training will advance the advancement of protecting and lessening vulnerabilities in our systems.
- Opines that cyber security professionals believe the face of cyber terrorism is changing as the year’s progress. as time progresses, hackers will become more sophisticated and experienced.
- Opines that cyber terrorism is a serious threat to life, safety, and our critical infrastructures.
- Concludes that steps can be taken to combat cyber terrorists and maintain cyber security within the international and national spectrums.
2186 wordsRead More