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cyber warfare and who it affects
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Andrew Massung
Mr. Wyse
ENC 1101
15 October 2015
Cyber Warfare: the New Frontier Since the beginning of time, mankind has waged war against each other. Over the years warfare has evolved, from fighting with sticks and stones to using gunpowder and launching missiles. The newest, and possibly most destructive, type of warfare is cyber warfare. Cyber warfare has the possibility to be more devastating than nuclear warfare. The world is in another cold war, except this time countries are battling for cyber supremacy. Cyberspace is a massive land of ever changing technology and personal interaction (McGuffin and Mitchell 1). Cyberspace is not only a place that people post pictures and update their profile, but it also plays an enormous role in running a country. Advanced countries use computers to guide their military, keep track of citizens, run their
Warfare is always evolving and everyone wants the new and more powerful weapon; from men fighting with sticks and stones to launching nuclear missiles and full scale invasions. The newest type of warfare is cyber warfare. Cyber warfare has the possibility to be more destructive than nuclear war.
Works Cited
Crowther, G. Alexander, and Shaheen Ghori. "Detangling the web: a screenshot of U.S. government cyber activity." Joint Force Quarterly July 2015: 75+. War and Terrorism Collection. Web. 28 Oct. 2015.
"Edward Snowden Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2015.
McGuffin, Chris, and Paul Mitchell. “On domains: cyber and the practice of warfare.” International Journal 69.3 (2014): 394+. Academic OneFile. Web. 5 Oct. 2015.
Olender, Michael. “Keeping Pace with Cyber Power, Defense, and Warfare.” Journal of International and Global Studies 6.2 (2015): 55+. Academic OneFile. Web. 5 Oct. 2015. Thomas, Teka. "Cyber defense: Who 's in charge?" National Defense July 2015: 21+. War and Terrorism Collection. Web. 28 Oct.
At this juncture, it may be somewhat difficult to accept the proposition that a threat to the telecommunications grid, both wired and wireless, in the United States could potentially be subject to a catastrophic cyber attack. After careful research on the subject, it appears the potentiality of an event of such magnitude, which either disrupts one or the other grids for a long period or destroys either, is both theoretically and realistically impossible. It may be that proponents—those who advance such theories—equate such “doomsday” scenarios as if a cyber attack would or could be of the same magnitude as a conventional or nuclear military strike. Terms such as “cyber Pearl Harbor,” “cyber 9/11” and “cyber Vietnam” have been used to describes potential catastrophic cyber attacks and yet, “Though many have posited notions on what a ‘real’ cyber war would be like, we lack the understanding of how such conflicts will be conducted and evolve.” (Rattray & Healey, 2010, p. 77). Yet, the U.S. government continues to focus on such events, as if the plausibility of small-scale cyber attacks were not as pressing.
What is cyber warfare? Cyber warfare is the infiltration of a nation’s computers or networks by another nation or organization with the intention of espionage or causing damage
The greatest challenge for Combatant Commanders when planning cyber operations is unintentional effects. Cyberspace is unlike the other domains and does not have the same physical limitations. The network is not limited by range or distance so cyber-attacks can easily extend beyond the intended target resulting in unintentional consequences. Planners must deconflict cyber operations with other operations. Offensive and defensive cyber applications
To begin with, cyber security is described as the body of technologies, processes and practices designed to protect networks, computers, programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access (Lewis, 2002). In a foreign policy brief, the White House described the importance of combatting cyber security. They said: Cyberspace touches nearly every part of our daily lives. It's the broadband networks beneath us and the wireless signals around us, the local networks in our schools and hospitals and businesses, and the massive grids that power our nation. It's the classified military and intelligence networks that keep us safe, and the World Wide Web that has made us more interconnected than at any time in human history. We must ...
The term “cyber terrorism” refers to the use of the Internet as a medium in which an attack can be launched such as hacking into electrical grids, security systems, and vital information networks. Over the past four decades, cyber terrorists have been using the Internet as an advanced communication tool in which to quickly spread and organize their members and resources. For instance, by using the instantaneous spread of information provided by the Internet, several terrorist’s groups have been able to quickly share information, coordinate attacks, spread propaganda, raise funds, and find new recruits for their cause. Instantaneous and unpredictable, the technological advantages these terrorists have obtained from using the Internet includes
Many nations in the world - the United States, China, Russia, Iran, Germany, and more- use cyber warfare as a method of conducting sabotage and espionage. Nations, such as China and Russia, use espionage in order to prevent their economy and their military technology from falling behind by stealing advanced nations’ technology. Other nations, including Israel and Iran, focus on sabotaging other nations to cripple them, by sending malwares that destroy important data on the system, from advancing their technology and costing them a decent amount of money due to repairs. Another popular cyber attack used, mainly with hacktivist, government- sympathetic groups not owned by the government, and nations less advanced in technology, is Denial-of-service, or DoS. DoS is used to hinder the target’s website and other things that are maintained by computers by making it unavailable to intended users. People argue there are no benefits for cyber warfare due to its potential destructive powers and instant process of destruction. While other people-looking from a different view find that cyber warfare does have its benefits. They argue that an important benefit is that cyber warfare takes place in cyber space meaning that it does not physically harm people. They also argue that cyber warfare draws the awareness of the nation on the ever increasing dangers of cyber warfare and forces the government to set up stronger cyber security to fend off international attacks, which also help protect the government from internal hackers. It also creates more jobs for hackers, who use their knowledge to increase the security instead of harm it. Although cyber warfare produces damaging effects on a nation, in the long run, it crea...
BRANDON, JOHN. "When Cybercriminals ATTACK." Computerworld 45.21 (2011): 26. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 6 Feb. 2014
The branches of the military, for a couple generations, have always been the Army, Navy, Air force, Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard; however, in an ever evolving digital world, the notion that outer space would be the next military front is being rapidly replaced by the idea that cyber space will be the next arms race. The United States has been defending attacks on their infrastructure day after day, night after night, when one hacker on one side of the world sleeps, another takes their place to attempt to compromise the US government. The motives may range from a political ‘hacktivist’ trying to prove a point, to an economic spy, trying to gain a competitive edge on its more upstart rivals, to an attempt to control the United States ‘smart’ power grid, giving a nation an advantage in case of an external armed conflict. With all of those types of conflicts going on at the same time, relentlessly, and growing more complex every day, the United States has to step up its game in order to survive, and the government is planning its cyber strategy accordingly. In November 16, 2011, according to an unclassified cyber-security bulletin, the United States government for the first time ever will allow offensive cyber retaliation, something that china has been doing for years; the retaliation order from the United States, however must include an approval by the president (Parnell). The United States government said they are now working on the cyber rules of engagement for this new battle “Domain” as they called it. Governments around the world are gearing up for it, but the definition of cyber warfare is a little bit hazy. Richard A. Clarke defines it in 2011 in his book Cyber War as "actions by a nation-state to penetrate another nation...
The internet, a powerful engine for growth and freedom, nations is, therefore, taking advantage of its enormous benefits. Since everything from military to systems to Smartphone-linked to the internet, however, bad actors are trying to steal from those targets has increased drastically. Hackers, compromise, take or destroy hundreds of billions of dollars in intellectual property and real money as well as assessing the critical military top secrecy from various nations, majorly the United States annually. The Congress and the senior members have taken no tangible and practical steps to counter this persistent and growing threat. One of the effective policies is sharing cyber security threat and vulnerability information between the private and
In his final foreign policy speech, President Bill Clinton listed among the United States’ top five military and security concerns the development of information warfare (Lacey). Given the importance of information technologies to the American economy and the U.S. military’s dependence on this system, any attacks on the information infrastructure could have severe consequences for the economy and for national security. For the U.S.’s best interests, taking the initiative in defining the limits of information warfare would be beneficial. The current U.S. trend toward concerning itself publicly more with computer network defense than computer network attack has prevented an adequate public dialog on the legalities involved with information warfare. The United States must address this issue before development of information warfare technologies goes much further. Resolving this issue at an international level can protect the United States from future information warfare attacks and present opportunities to retaliate against attackers.
Technology has undergone a revolution which made humans lives simpler and added many benefits to the world. Everyday, technology is constantly being improved and there are new inventions developed to run million-dollar businesses. However, technology can be considered a two-sided blade as it can be used for legitimate purposes as well as for wrongdoing. Almost everyday, countless computers and databases are hacked by cyber criminals who are scattered around the globe. Unknown hackers can range from petty thieves to high level government forces. Aliases are used to keep confidentiality, similar to Henry Dorset from Neuromancer (Gibson), known by the name ‘Case’, who is a cyber space cowboy who steals from many companies and private organizations around the world. Stealing information is considered a crime, which may cause international and sometimes personal disputes. Large-scale disputes can be considered very dangerous, which is why violence is a main factor when technology is used in the wrong form. Similar to Case, Jake Sully in Avatar (Cameron) uses a high performance matrix machine, in this case to control the body of an avatar to retrieve and adapt to the avatar race Na’vi race while sacrificing his real-world life, forgetting his own physical and mental awareness. This ultimately causes a large war between the human and Na’vi race. In both fictional sources technology promotes hacking and cyber-warfare, which not only turns into targeting the opposing side in terms of data, but also physical threats. The modern day article “How Does Cyber Warfare Work” shows that these negative aspects of technology also exist in the real world.
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Article 51 preserves the "right of individual or collective self defense if an armed attack occurs..." Therefore, the right of self defense can be exercised when an issue becomes complicated and reaches to a particular level of intensity between states or a state and organized and identified group, which may result into injuries of individuals and destruction of objects and properties. But in cyber-attack, chances are less to cause immediate human injuries. The author of the article provides brief detail on some important issues for example how to deal with a cyber-attack by a non-state actor. So this essay emphasizes that Cyber warfare laws require more development and a proper framework because states may fea...
It is unrealistic to imagine that the copious amount of departments responsible for cybersecurity are able to adequately protect the country; therefore, the government needs to form one department that can be responsible for all cybersecurity problems and cyberattacks. When forming this new department, resources from other groups that currently share responsibility can be moved in order to decrease the amount of resources needed for the new group. But, it is also unfathomable for the government to be responsible for all cybersecurity as “... the reality is that while the lion’s share of the cybersecurity expertise lies in the federal government, more than 90 percent of the physical infrastructure of the Web is owned by private industry” (McConnell 4). Therefore the government must collaborate with the private sector. This cooperation can be utilized to help form the new government group as “there is also an opportunity for the new agency to be formed in a more deliberate way, drawing on leadership from the private economy to promote efficiency and cost-effectiveness” (Cohen 2). By working with the private sector, the new agency can reduce costs of personnel and equipment, increase performance, and maintain diverse cybersecurity plans. Once a
Unequivocally speaking, the threat of a cyber-attack has become one of the most critical domestic and national security challenges we face as a nation today. Infrastructures supporting government operations are ...