Hypercalcemia is the abnormal calcium level in blood. Calcium helps maintain bones, contracts muscles, release hormones, and monitor functions of the nerves and brain. For calcium to maintain these functions; it has to stay at a normal level. Anything above the normal can cause other problems. There are three types of hypercalcemia. They are tertiary, familial and humoral. The tertiary is when the disease of the renal is in its end stage causeing the body to be resistance to vitamin D. The familial is due to low calcium and humoral is factors associated with process of tumoal. Hypercalcemia disease affects mostly the elderly. Women are at higher risk than men for this disease. The Myeloma and sarcoidosis are mostly found in blacks.
The cause of hypercalcemia is not known due to the many disesases surrounding it. The main cause of hypercalcemia is extra activities in the parathyroid glands. The parathyroid regulates the level of calcium in the bloodstream which regulate blood calcium levels. There are also many causes of hypercalcemia which are cancer, some medical problems, medications, over use of calcium, vitamin D, dehydration and some may be hereditary.
The signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia sometimes doesn't show but can appear as severe when diagnosed. The treatment of hypercalcemia depends on the diseases being diagnosis. Some symptoms related to this disease if severe are nausea and vomiting,loss of appetite,excessive thirst,frequent urination,constipation,abdominal pain,muscle weakness,muscle and joint aches,confusion and lethargy and fatigue. Some of these symptoms would be normal but if continues occurrence, consulting a doctor can help. There may be other conditions relating to those symptoms. Some of which are ost...
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... are use to rebuild bone if damange by this disease are bisphosphonates. This group of drugs can greatly reduce calcium level in about two to four days. The drugs can last up to a week. The medications are effective in severe patients. If the test is done and cancer is present, treatments are available but staying healthy and controling the pain associated with hypercalcemia cancer are the most important treatments. If the patient is a smoker, quiting could be the best option. Lowering calcium to 400 mg/day is helpful and would also help stop diarrhea. Drinking enough water to filter the kidney would also be helpful. Exercise regularly to maintain bone density. Once the cause of hypercalcemia is found, treatments can be posible and effective depending on the severity. The treatments are not always successful but if diagnosied early, it could be treatable.
A 54 year old female was presented with complaints of lethargy, excessive thirst and diminished appetite. Given the fact that these symptoms are very broad and could be the underlying cause of various diseases, the physician decided to order a urinalysis by cystoscope; a comprehensive diagnostic chemistry panel; and a CBC with differential, to acquire a better understanding on his patient health status. The following abnormal results caught the physician’s attention:
Calcium helps make bones strong and dense. Calcium is not made in the body so the body has to get it from the bones. When calcium is low bones will release less calcium into the blood stream.
The Mayo Clinic’s book on High Blood Pressure was full of detailed facts about blood pressure and what it is. This is extremely significant to the experiment because blood pressure is one of the variables being tested. Understanding blood pressure is one of the key components to receiving accurate results from this experiment. Most of the book is on high blood pressure, which is not necessary for the experiment, but the book still had plenty of useful information about blood pressure itself. The book explains that when the heart beats, a surge of blood is released from the left ventricle. It also tells of how arteries are blood vessels that move nutrients and oxygenated blood from the heart to the body’s tissues. The aorta, or the largest artery in the heart, is connected to the left ventricle and is the main place for blood to leave the heart as the aorta branches off into many different smaller
11. Following her recovery, Margaret was placed on three medications: (A) oral calcium supplementation, (B) oral estrogen, and (C) oral alendronate sodium (Fosamax). Specifically describe how each of these medications works to treat Margaret’s condition. Oral calcium is given to Margaret to help with the loss of bone tissue and to help with the aid of forming stronger bone tissue. Oral estrogen is for to help make up for the loss of estrogen deficiency in her body due to menopause and this drug also helps to prevent weakened bones and due to the lack of activity Margert is accustomed to this will be beneficial for her. Oral alendronate sodium is for an inhibitor to help with bone reabsorption of
There are two forms of hyperparathyroidism (HPT): primary HPT and secondary HPT. In primary hyperparathyroidism, one or more of the parathyroid glands are somehow enlarged to produce an overproduction of the parathyroid hormone resulting in hypercalcemia, which is an excess of calcium found in the blood. This calcium surplus can be responsible for many health problems. Secondary hyperparathyroidism, however, is a result of another disease that causes a low level of calcium production in the body.
The thyroid is one of the most essential glands in the body. It is located in the endocrine system, and sits right in the neck just above where the collar bones meet. The thyroid gland functions to produce hormones that control how every cell in the body utilizes energy, also known as a process called metabolism. When a person's thyroid abnormally produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones, this is a condition referred to as hyperthyroidism. The causes of hyperthyroidism are known to include: eating too much food with iodine, graves disease, inflammation due to viral infections, tumors of the testes and ovaries, taking a large amount of thyroid hormone, receiving medical imaging tests consisting of contrast dye iodine, and growth of thyroid or pituitary gland (Board "Hyperthyroidism"). With an overactive thyroid, the body tends to speed up its functions. Symptoms vary from, fast heartbeats, rapid weight loss, abnormal sweating, nervousness, and mood changes. Hyperthyroidism is normally diagnosed through a series of lab tests. If not properly taken care of, condition may worsen leading to bone and heart problems in the long run. As far as treatment is concerned, options may vary from person to person depending on age and the level of activity of the thyroid. Treatments include antithyroid medicines, radioactive iodine ablation, and the last resort, surgery. Though all treatment plans work, radioactive iodine ablation is a permanent and more reliable remedy for an overactive thyroid. Radioactive iodine ablation is in fact the most commonly used cure for people with hyperthyroidism problems in the US today. “The treatment has been around since 1942 and has been extensively used since the 1950's” ("Radioactive Iodine Treatment o...
Maintaining proper levels of calcium and phosphate are essential to bone development. Calcium deficiency (hypocalcemia) can cause muscle spasms. Consequently, hypercalcemia (excessive calcium) can cause nervous system suppression, muscle weakness and cardiac arrest. To prevent either of these occurrences, the body uses calcitrol, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Calcitrol is a product of Vitamin D and helps to raise the level of calcium and phosphate in the blood. Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and, when secreted, lowers the level of calcium in the blood. Parathyroid hormone is, of course, secreted by the parathyroid glands when the calcium or phosphate level in the blood is too
Thus, the recommended treatment for a patient with osteoporosis would receive supplementary calcium (1,000 to 1,500 mg of calcium daily) as confirmed in the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on osteoporosis in 1984. But studies have shown that as humans age their ability to absorb calcium starts to diminish making this treatment almost ineffective in some elderly patients. Patients of this time, with little treatment options were forced to endure many fracture related injuries; most commonly fractures of the hip which is a very complicated fracture requiring hospitalisation and a surgical practice would be required. Even if the surgery had been successful the patient would not be able to return to the previous levels of activity they were once at; forcing the patient from self-care to supervised living situations/nursing
Life with dwarfism can be simple. However, it can also be challenging at times. The disease can delay your human instincts like sitting up and crawling. It might have constant ear infections and could become deaf. It could make it hard to breathe while sleeping. It can also cause arthritis in adulthood. In Barbara Walters Dwarfism interview with a dwarf family, [Georgia Family Happy to Be 'The Real Life Seven Dwarfs'. By Lauren Putrino and Jennifer Joseph via 20/20, May 4, 2012.] it was stated that “‘People sometimes calls me midget. I just ...
Ever since my dad reached his mid-thirties he has had to deal with his high-blood pressure. Not only does my dad have high-blood pressure, but so does my dad’s two brothers and mother. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, “Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood. High blood pressure, sometimes called hypertension, happens when this force is too high.” Blood pressure is measured with the use of a gauge, stethoscope, and a blood pressure cuff which is the thing that wraps tight around your arm like a python. When someone is measuring blood pressure they are looking for the systolic pressure which is blood pressure when the heart beats while pumping blood and diastolic pressure which is blood pressure when the heart is at rest between beats. When these two pressure are figured out the numbers are recorded like a fraction with the systolic pressure over top of the diastolic pressure. A normal blood pressure should be 120/80 mm Hg or less, so
Dwarfism is not classified as a disease, rather, it is a genetic condition that has an affect on the growth and development of the skeletal system. An adult under the height of 4 feet and 10 inches is typically considered to have dwarfism. The two main types of dwarfism are disproportionate or proportionate. Proportionate dwarfism is when a person experiences an effect on their growth resulting in a short stature and disproportionate dwarfism is when the limbs do not develop properly, but the rest of the body is proportionate.
Methemoglobinemia is an uncommon but possible reason for cyanosis. Methemoglobinemia is significant because the disease is fairly rare and consequently most physicians do not consider it as a cause when diagnosing a patient with cyanosis. Regrettably, patients often get misdiagnosed and sometimes treated for the wrong disorder as a result. A two fold dilemma occurs when the patient is treated for an incorrect disorder. The first part of the dilemma includes the patient experiencing all of the negative side effects of the wrong treatment, and gaining no benefit. The second part of the dilemma is that the patient’s actual medical condition is not being treated, and is getting worse with time. The higher the level of methemoglobin in the blood the higher the patient’s chances of dying are. Another thing for doctors to acknowledge is when methemoglobinemia is not considered a valid diagnosis; numerous unnecessary laboratory tests are performed. When unneeded laboratory tests are performed the medical laboratory technologist’s time is wasted when they could be running another patient’s samples. Also running unnecessary laboratory tests costs a great deal of money. During the analysis of cyanosis, physicians should consider methemoglobinemia as a valid diagnosis.
Rationale: Therapeutic use of self by the nurse and concrete task definition and assignment reinforce positive coping strategies and allow caregivers to feel less guilty when tasks are delegated to multiple caregivers. Ackley and Ladwig p. 286
The kidneys are a bean-shaped organ in the human body and they have different functions and are of vital importance for it. The kidneys are the pair of organs, which are able to regulate the reabsorption of ions such as potassium, sodium and calcium, which are fundamental substances for the cell. Furthermore, they are involved in the reabsorption of nutrients in the bloodstream and they can regulate the acidity of the blood. Besides the regulation of the fluids and ions, the kidneys are also responsible for the regulation of many different hormones that are involved in homeostasis and metabolism. Because of their importance in the regulation of substances in the body, when the kidneys stop working properly all the body is influenced by that creating disequilibrium in the maintenance of homeostasi...
In modern society, we are faced with an increased demand for college graduates with a variety of skills. In order to meet the demands of an ever changing job market, we must be skilled in subjects such as math, reading and science. One subject that needs to be addressed is math. We use arithmetic to calculate numbers, exchange money and understand math concepts. That is why it is imperative that educators reach out to students with Dyscalculia with strategies, such as explicit instruction to help students overcome their problems in math. I will examine dyscalculia, its effect on the individual’s education and interventional approaches used to mitigate its effects.