The International Association for the Study of Pain states that ‘Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage’ and can occur as acute or chronic ("IASP Taxonomy - IASP", 2012). As described in gate control theory by Melzack and Wall, (1965), physical pain occurs when noxious stimulation stimulates afferent nociceptors of the peripheral nervous system. There carry these injury signals to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, which acts as a gate of pain perception. With myelinated A-delta nerve fibers transmits impulses quickly and are associated with sharp, well-located pain and unmyelinated, slow C-fibres are associated with dull, aching pain. In the spinal cord, the nociceptor signals inhibit the inhibitory interneuron and encourage the projection neuron to fire. The gate opens and pain messages get transmitted to the brain. However, efferent, large-diameter amyloid beta fibers can interfere with pain signals from nociceptors and inhibit pain, by activating the inhibitory interneuron, which inhibits the …show more content…
However, this research must take into account the findings of Levine and Lee De Simone (1991), which showed that men admit less pain when the researcher is a woman and that this effect gets amplified as the attractiveness of the female researcher increases. Also, gender role differences disappeared in a study when the participant's cognitive processes, such as catastrophizing, were taken into account, emphasizing personality differences as a factor of pain perception (Keefe et al.,
It has been shown that intrathecal administriton of GABA receptor antagonists cause hyperalgesia and allodynia. Constitutive, the increase in the endogenous GABA activity in the spinal cord alleviate pain resulting from noxious and innoxious mechanical and thermal stimuli. Different GABA receptors have different roles in alleviating thermal and mechanical pain in different animal pain models. There is no study to date that has examined the involvement of GABA A and GABA B in sensory dimension of neuropathic pain resulting from compression of spinal cord. The current study tests the hypothesis that GABA A or GABA B receptors contributes to the allodynia and hyperalgesia observed after spinal cord injury. The results showed that the effect of GABA A and GABA B receptors on mechanical hyperalgesia is similar but these receptors have different effects on thermal hyperalgesia. While using baclofen as GABA B receptor agonist does not affect the thermal pain, thermal hyperalgesia resulting from spinal cord injury was greatly alleviated by different doses of GABA A agonist, muscimol. Both Baclofen and muscimol are able to reduce the mechanical and cold allodynia has been seen after spinal cord injury but the effect of baclofen is dose dependent with no effect in higher doses used in this study. While almost all doses of muscimol were used in this study reduce the amount of cold and mechanical allodynia. The other result obtained in this study is the short term effect of GABA agonist. The anitinociceptive effect of Baclofen and muscimol appear to be maxium at 15 min after injection and gradually diminished by time and their analgesic effect disappeared 3 hours after injection.
In “Defining a Doctor,” Zuger compares specific behaviors and attitudes of the male and the female intern. Zuger begins to observe how her two interns handle medicine and how they connect with their patients on a personal level. Zuger finds the woman intern to be more prepared by how she brought notebooks and pens every day to work while the man intern would come with empty pockets instead. The women soon began to grow emotionally attached to her patients and would work late hours, sometimes not bothering to go home and rest. In contrast, the man showed up on time to work and would leave as scheduled. The woman would not only do her job to get more things done efficiently but she would even do others work while, the male intern wouldn’t attempt to do anyone else’s work other than his own. When it came to that time when their patient would pass, the women would cry while the male shrugged his shoulders. The women might have had a better relationship since it was easier for her to emotionally connect with her patient than the man. Zuger concludes that “The women cared too much” while “the man cared to little.” She worked too hard, and he could not be prodded into working hard enough. The women distinguish that her patient was “hers” and did everything she could to make to make them feel comfortable. From my experience, my mother is a great example of how she is similar to the woman intern. At her job, she feels the need to do everyone 's job in order to get things done and would come home feeling stressed. She has a great relationship with all of her employees and they would always come to her comfort. Just like the intern, she would put others before
When we discuss gender, the first thing that pops into our minds is the physical dissimilarities between men and women. For the longest time, I never realized that there are a diverse variety of issues involving gender, which are examined in the essay “Gender Blur” written by Deborah Blum. I now understand some of the factors involved, such as biological development, gender identification and behaviors, influences on aggression, and how testosterone affects behaviors and career choice.
Have you ever wondered why when you stub your toe on the chair in the living room, it helps tremendously to yell out an expletive or two and vigorously rub the area? I may not be able to discuss the basis for such language in this paper, but we will explore the analgesic response to rubbing that toe, in addition to the mechanism of pain and alternative treatments such as acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
Cultural meanings of gender can play heavily into therapeutic effects of the client. A female client who is in therapy with her male partner may not have the “right” to speak against what he is saying if she disagrees; some cultures forbid the woman to go against her male partner or even speak in the presence of a male stranger, which could be the clinician. On the other hand, a male client with the above cultural custom may view a female clinician in a nega...
It is said that because he chose his participants the findings are not accurate. However, researches have argued that Milgram’s study has been replicated in other cultures and the majority has come to the same conclusion (McLeod, 2007). Therefore, it is not believed the findings would be any different regardless of an ethnic or cultural group because other cultures have conducted the test and have the same conclusion. Furthermore, in some situations women may react differently than men. The gender of a person of the specific study was that of men, in which it would be difficult to determine if these findings are accurate for all of
Prentice, D. A. and Carranza, E. (2002), What Women and Men Should Be, Shouldn’t Be, Are Allowed to Be, and Don’t Have to Be: The Contents of Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26: 269–281.
Pain is described by an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain, a process in which the receptors in your body pick up a painful stimulus that then take those stimuli and transfer them to the central nervous system which then transfers the signal to the brain ("How Pain Works", 2007). The nervous system which is made up of two parts: The Central Nervous System (CNS) and The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). Pain isn't taken directly from the pain receptors to the brain; it has to go through the central nervous system. The CNS takes up the spinal cord and the brain. The receptors are connected to the spinal cord which is connected to the brain. To ensure protection of the CNS it has been entirely encased in bone with the brain being in the cranium and the spinal cord being within the vertebrae (Berkeley). The PNS which accounts for all of the nerves in your body except for the ones located in the brain and the spinal cord. The PNS is the real reason why you feel pain because the PNS acts as a communication relay between your brain and extremit...
Pain is a complex and subjective phenomenon that involves biological, psychological, social factors, and cultural. It is interpreted and perceived in the brain. Each individual responds differently to pain because every person has different pain thresholds and tolerances. According to Porth (2009), pai...
Two treatment types are being studied for spinal cord injury: injection of an antagonist of the ATP-sensitive receptor P2X7 and transplantation of human embryonic stem cell derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In the spinal cord, ATP can act as an excitatory neurotransmitter (Domercq et al,. 2009). ATP is released in excess for six hours after the initial damage. Most tissue damage happens after the main injury occurs, so finding a treatment that will slow the secondary injury down is a main interest for clinical treatment studies. Injecting a P2X7 antagonist that is sensitive to ATP into the region of the spinal cord that has been damaged has been found to slow down secondary injury (Peng et al., 2009). Also, demyelination of neurons can be found after spinal cord injury. Transplanting human embryonic stem cell derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells into the damaged tissue has shown to help with remyelinating the neurons. Th...
Peripheral and central mechanisms involving nerve lesions and their input are substantial when perceiving phantom pain. Due to the impairment of peripheral nerves in the process of amputation, regenerative sprouting of damaged axons occurs and the activity rate of inflamed C-fibres and demyelinated A-fibres spontaneously increases (Flor, 2002). As a consequence of this nerve injury, a neuroma, which is a mass of pruned and tangled axons, may form in the residual limb producing abnormal (ectopic) activity (Katz, 1992). Flor, Nikolajsen and Jenson (2006) proposed that ectopic discharge from a neuroma in the stump illustrates abnormal afferent input to the spinal cord, which is a possible mechanism for unpro...
He… stopped crying and wiped his eyes and saw me…and trusted me to keep his secret” (18-19). Research shows that social norms placed upon men and women make it difficult for each gender to be accepted for who they are. It is suggested that gender roles play a key role in men and women’s behavior, affecting each groups ability to seek help. Expectations are more rigorous on men, because they must accommodate to what is appropriate and what is not. Violating these norms often lead to shame and public humiliation creating personal distraught upon males (Juvrud,
Plant, E. Ashby, and Janet Shibley Hyde. "The Gender Stereotyping Of Emotions." Psychology Of Women Quarterly 24.1 (2000): 81. Academic Search Complete. Web. 19 Feb. 2014.
The report highlight’s the essential aspects of the control process. In terms of concurrent feedback as well as feed forward, that companies can use to implement so that they can have better outcomes in terms of efficiency of the business. Consequently the report underlines as well as emphasizes of the many contributing factors of these controls. The authors have contrasting views on the control models of an organization, they believe that in order to create an effective control process, and organization first needs to determine its strategic plans for instance in terms of what it is and where is it going.
In the operation of the healthcare system, gender plays a central role. Gender discrimination in the healthcare exists either in the field of education, workplace or while attending to the patients. Interestingly, as opposed to other areas where discrimination lies heavily to a particular gender; gender inequality in health happens to both women and men. Gender inequality in the health care service negatively affects the quality of care given and perpetuates patient biases to a gender. Also, the gender disparities in the field of health assists researchers and practitioners to study conditions and their probable manifestations within both sexes.