INTRODUCTION
Facial reconstruction is an attempt to bring back the faces of the deceased from the skull. Taylor (2001, 4) includes facial reconstruction into forensic art. She divides forensic art into four subcategories, namely: composite imagery, image modification and image identification, demonstrative evidence, and reconstruction and postmortem identification aids, where is the facial reconstruction get in on the last subcategory (Taylor, 2001, 4-6).
The facial reconstruction was first introduced to the basics of scientific use in 1895 by a German anatomist named His. He reconstructed the skull of a famous classical music composer, J.S. Bach. He obtained soft tissue thickness data by measuring the mean thickness of soft tissue in some cadavers (Verzé 2009, 7). Besides reconstructing leading figures, a number of anatomists and anthropologists, among them are Kollman, Buchly, and Tandler, make facial reconstruction for reconstructing hominid fossils such as Homo neandertalensis and
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These tests focus on the accuracy of facial reconstruction. There are still different points of view in defining the concept of accuracy of facial reconstruction among experts. Some argue the level of similarity as primary. Wilkinson (2010, 236) stated that the more similar the result of facial reconstruction with the target, the higher the level of its accuracy. Stephan and Henneberg (2006, 183-184) had different argument which states that the facial reconstruction made very similar to target’s face will be useless if it cannot be recognized because the main purpose of facial reconstruction is making unidentified remains be recognized. From these two points of view, it is known that some emphasize the resemblance level of facial reconstruction to target’s face on one hand, and on other hand put recognizability as the standard of
The skeleton had a hideous impact to the community and was predicted by local investigators to be reasonably modern. To get better understanding and avoid confusion, a bone sample was sent to a laboratory in the USA for investigation and analysation using series of scientific
The first recorded surgical procedures according to Doctor Haiken were in India, and they consisted of reparations to the nose and ears, usually because the person had been injured in battle or as punishments for crimes (1997). Such procedures though were not openly talked about and were kept secret for centuries by the Indian society (1997). Indians weren’t the only ones to take to such practices; Romans also became proficient in advanced plastic surgery procedures. To the Romans it wasn’t so much about to trying to make reparations to past wounds, but rather assure a person’s beauty by removing any imperfections. As a matter of fact the most popular surgery was circumcision removal to both females and males (Random
Nordqvist, Christian. “What is Cosmetic Surgery? What is Plastic Surgery?” Medical News Today. 30 June 2009. Web. 13 March 2014.
So far, various techniques have been used for reconstruction and regeneration of maxillary and mandibular bone defects. Autogenous bone grafting, guided bone regeneration (GBR), distraction osteogenesis and nerve transpositioning are among these regenerative techniques (1-8). Decision making for the treatment could be influenced by the type, size and location of the bone defects (2, 3, 9, 10). GBR had high success rate in treating small alveolar defects such as dehiscence or fenestration. Regenerative bony walls around the defect with ingrowing blood vessels can begin osteogenesis (11) larger bone defects with insufficient regenerative walls and an low quality avascular bed need varied amount of autogeneous bone graft from extra oral or intra oral donor sites, however, the patient may suffer from complications in donor site as well as bone graft resorption.(10, 12-15)
"Leonardo went a step further to figure out how the bodily systems beneath the surface worked. Leonardo's early paintings were studies in a new humanistic style of art, and he was far ahead of his contemporaries in this regard." Doc. 4 Leonardo kept journals full of sketches and designs. Some of the sketches included the anatomy of the human body. With granted permission, da Vinci would dissect the bodies of deceased humans to get a better understanding of the body. His journals were filled with precise drawings of various regions of the male and female anatomy and were some of the first to accurately and clearly display the human body. Leonardo was able to do so with geometric proportions in his drawing known as Vitruvian Man. His detailed dissections, along with many other methods, played a big role in the development of a new kind of painting style that made the paintings and their background give off a three-dimensional illusion.
Cosmetic surgery is performed by doctors from a variety of medical fields, including plastic surgeons. The scope of cosmetic surgery encompasses breast enhancement, facial contouring, facial rejuvenation, body contouring, and skin rejuvenation. On the other hand, plastic surgery deals with reconstructive surgery. In fact, in 1999, the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons changed its name to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons in order to communicate that “plastic and reconstructive surgery are one and the same”. Because it is reconstructive in nature, plastic surgery corrects dysfunctional areas of the body.
JUSTIFICATION: In researching the possibilities that the bite marks can be falsely identified, I found that the analysis is not always an accurate way to identify the suspect, that being said I think that we should reconsider the partial bite mark being used as evidence.
The earliest beginnings of anatomy could be traced back to the Egyptians in 1600 B.C.E., when early examinations of sacrificial victims were taking place. From this time, scholars have found the earliest medical document, known as the Edwin Smith Papyrus, in which it described early anatomical observations made by the Egyptians, most likely due to their knowledge gained from mummification. The papyrus displayed organs such as the bladder, uterus, kidneys, liver, spleen, heart, and blood vessels.
K, A. "Leonardo Da Vinci as Anatomist." British Medical Journal 1.3673 (1931): 950-951. Web. 26 May 2010.
What do body modifications signify in people's culture? Some cultures force body modifications as a right of passage into a new stage in a person's life. Body modifications are associated with many things, for example, commitment, social rank, and ways to control people's lives. Waris Dirie, Tepilit Ole Saitoti, and Enid Schildkrout talk about body modifications and what they mean in different cultures. Cultures have different forms of body modifications with their own meaning and background. Men and women must take on specific roles set upon by their culture from the body modifications they endure.
Reader! It has come to my attention that the human world has been thrown into major conflicts surrounding the ethics of restoring the function of the face, using microsurgery, to those with severe disfigurements (Lamparello). This revolution of the science that led to my creation has almost rendered me speechless! No longer will patients feel hideous in their own skin because of unforeseen circumstances. Oh, how it is a horrid life to live, to be unaccepted by your fellow man, no matter how much YOU try and assimilate! Facial reconstruction is an innovative process that can improve the self-confidence of those whom were born naturally disfigured or were disfigured later in their lifetime. Face transplantation implores my interest simply because of how close it pounds at my wretched heart. When I escaped to a land far from the accursed laboratory I was “born” in, I found documents belonging to my creator that detailed his disgusted thoughts during my creation and final “birth”. It was exceptionally difficult to study his horror-stricken account of my hideous appearance (Shelley 34). When he’d lain his eyes on his obsession for the first time, he promptly disregarded his previous claims of my
Andreas Vesalius was well known for his dissections in the 1500’s. Growing up in Brussels he was captivated by the anatomy of animals. Throughout his childhood Andreas dissected many small animals trying to uncover life’s mystery. This curiosity regarding anatomy came very naturally, due to the fact that he was born into a family of physicians. Vesalius started his formal education at the University of Louvain; then traveled to Paris to continue his studies in medicine. During his life time, Vesalius was an accomplished physician, and professor of anatomy. He also received his degree as a doctor of medicine at the age of twenty-two. Vesalius writings and teachings set the foundation of anatomy we know today, hence why he received the title; founder of modern anatomy.
McNeill,, D. (2000). The Face: A Natural History (p. 119). New York City: Back Bay Book.
As the practice is becoming increasingly popular, mainstream acceptance has given birth to a society that values appearance over ability and ultimately leading on to discrimination in practically every field. There is an overwhelming amount of evidence that indicates that appearance has become a vital contributor of success at the workplace and even in educational institutions for that matter. A study by researchers from Rice University and the University of Houston indicated that candidates with facial scars and blemishes faced lower odds of being remembered by their interviewers which lowered their ratings and evaluations (as cited in ...
American Society of Plastic Surgery. 2008. “2007 Report of 2006 Statistics”. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http://www.plasticsurgery.org/media/Press_Kits/Procedural-Statistics-Press-Kit-Index.cfm