Eugenol (C10H12O2) is a well-known natural product occurring in many plants like cloves and nutmeg, with a satisfying scent and spicy taste. Eugenol is extracted from numerous aromatic plants and used in perfumeries for spicy, clove-like and oriental-type fragrances. “Alike all phenols, eugenol is an antiseptic; used as disinfectant in mouthwash. Due to its antiseptic and analgesic properties, it is used in dentistry; upon mixing with zinc oxide it forms cement for temporary fillings of the teeth. Furthermore, eugenol and methyl eugenol are used as an insect attractant” (Bendre). Together with other spice components, eugenol is under detailed investigation for its biological effects in the human body. Eugenol plays a vital role in the devolvement …show more content…
Both molecules should also have a similar molar extinction coefficient. The difference between the two is that the alkene is in a different location, see Figure 1. Eugenol and isoeugenol have similar chemical and physical properties. Both of them are a clear to pale yellow oily liquid and boil at the same temperature. Eugenol absorbs in the UV region (100nm to 400nm) due to the arene functional group. The wavelength of maximal absorbance for compounds with arene functional groups is 280 nm (see Figure 2), the observed value was 250 nm with an absorbance value of 3.916 (see Figure 3). The molar extinction coefficient is a measurement of how strongly a substance absorbs light, therefore the larger the value, the greater the absorption will be. With larger conjugated systems, the absorption peak wavelengths tend to be shifted toward the long wavelength region and the absorption peaks tend to be larger. For example, Benzene has an arene functional group and the wavelength of max absorbance is 255 nm, but since eugenol and isoeugenol is more complexed and has more functional groups, it will absorb at a higher wavelength …show more content…
That is why ethanol was used as a solvent during this lab, because due to its structure, it has both polar and non-polar regions. Ethanol has a polar alcohol end capable of dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding, but also has a relatively non-polar CH3CH2- end with mostly London dispersion forces (LDFs). The general rule for solubility is, “like dissolves like,” meaning that polar solutes will dissolve in polar solvents and non-polar solutes will dissolve in non-polar solvents. Once extracted, performing a simple separation known as thin layer chromatography (TLC), the extract can be verified to see if it contains eugenol. TLC uses ethyl acetate (a polar solvent) in order to dissolve the molecules (also polar) in the extract. The polar solvent also contains hexane (a non-polar solvent) which allows for the polar molecules to precipitate out as small spots on the TLC plate. As shown in Figure 4, the solvent will move up the TLC plate until it reaches the spotted samples: cloves extract (Our), nutmeg extract (Oth), and 10 mg/mL eugenol standard (s). Several spots on the TLC plate show the interaction between molecules in the extract and the silica on the surface of the TLC plate. If the molecules in the extract exhibit more non-polar characteristics, they will get pulled further up the
Absorbance was defined as: log I_o/I where I_o is incident light and I is the transmitted light. Fluorescence emission spectrum is different from fluorescence excitation spectrum because it records different wavelengths of chemical s...
Every 5 minutes, a small amount of mixture was dissolved in acetone (0.5 mL) and was spotted onto a thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate, which contained an eluent mixture of ethyl acetate (2 mL) and hexanes (8 mL). The bezaldehyde disappearance was monitored under an ultraviolet (UV) light. Water (10 mL) was added after the reaction was complete, and vacuum filtrated with a Buchner funnel. Cold ethanol (5 mL) was added drop-by-drop to the dried solid and stirred at room temperature for about 10 minutes. Then, the solution was removed from the stirrer and place in an ice bath until recrystallization. The recrystallized product was dried under vacuum filtration and the 0.057 g (0.22 mmol, 43%) product was analyzed via FTIR and 1H NMR
The C-H (sp3) hydrogens from our product displayed at wavelength 2959 cm-1 correlates to the methyl groups located on the ends of isopentyl acetate4. A really prominent, strong peak located at 1742 cm-1 shows that a C=O ester stretch is located in the product, along with at 1244 cm-1 the spectrum shows a strong peak representing the C(=O)-O stretch that is crucial to the structure of isopentyl acetate. Shown in my IR spectrum is a weak O-H (H-bonded) peak at 3464 cm-1 which shows that I have an impurity of isopentyl alcohol in my product. Isopentyl alcohol has similar boiling points and density as my product so the impurity could have easily boiled out with the isopentyl acetate during distillation. The isopentyl alcohol was also present in my 1H-NMR spectrum backing up the impurity peak at 3464
As shown in figure 2, the percentage of each isomeric alcohol in the mixture had been determined. The hydrogen atom on the carbon atom with the hydroxyl group appear at around 4.0 ppm for borneol and 3.6 ppm for isoborneol. The product ratio has been determined by integrating the peaks. A ratio of 6:1 for the Isoborneol/borneol ratio was expected and is validated by the calculations shown above, with isoborneol percentage at 83.82% and 16.17% of borneol. A CHCl3 group noted at around 7ppm and a CH2Cl2 at around 3.5ppm.
Firstly, an amount of 40.90 g of NaCl was weighed using electronic balance (Adventurer™, Ohaus) and later was placed in a 500 ml beaker. Then, 6.05 g of Tris base, followed by 10.00 g of CTAB and 3.70 g of EDTA were added into the beaker. After that, 400 ml of sterilized distilled water, sdH2O was poured into the beaker to dissolve the substances. Then, the solution was stirred using the magnetic stirrer until the solution become crystal clear for about 3 hours on a hotplate stirrer (Lab Tech® LMS-1003). After the solution become clear, it was cool down to room temperature. Later, the solution was poured into 500 ml sterilized bottle. The bottle then was fully wrapped with aluminium foil to avoid from light. Next, 1 mL of 2-mercaptoethanol-β-mercapto was added into fully covered bottle. Lastly, the volume of the solution in the bottle was added with sdH2O until it reaches 500 ml. The bottle was labelled accordingly and was stored on chemical working bench.
The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed.
Experiment #3: The purpose of this experiment to test the chromatography of plant pigments the alcohol test strip test will be used.
...safe place ended in refugee camps for homosexuals. One popular safe camp for them was located in San Francisco. Carl Whittman speaks about his experience of being in an unsafe environment and moving to a camp in San Francisco to escape.
The concept of eugenics has to do with the belief or practice of improving the genetic quality of the human race (“Eugenics” 2010). The concept was first introduced by Francis Galton, a researcher who wished to apply Darwin’s theory of evolution to the human race. Much like many endeavors that start off with good intentions, the results of applying this concept in real life were gross crimes against humanity. The eugenics movement in the early 20th century perverted the original concept by employing morally objectionable techniques including forced sterilization, marriage restrictions, segregation, internment camps, and genocide (Black 2012). In War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a Master Race, Edwin Black discusses the root of the eugenics movement in the United States of America and how this ultimately influenced the horrifying actions taken by the Nazis in pursuit of the pure Aryan race.
Introduction The end of the Civil War allowed the soldiers to lay down their weapons, but from the ashes of the battle rose politicians wielding theirs Industrial Growth Causes Problems Rapid growth of industry caused cities to expand Depressions and bankruptcy fueled labor unrest Influx of immigrants complicated matters C. Social Darwinism The idea of “Survival of the Fittest” Tried to explain away social and economic inequalities The rich were reproducing less, thought they were losing control The working class was organizing against the rich Original solutions for solving the poors’problems wasn’t working Eugenics was created as a solution D.
After performing the first Gas Chromatography, we took the organic layer, and mixed it with saturated Sodium Hydroxide. We performed this step to remove the (-OH) group from the Eugenol. The purpose was to make the water as a product, which can also be used as a solvent for the Eugenol that was ionized, for the two substances Acetyl Eugenol and Beta Caryophyllene. Again, we see the density differences in the solvents; we were able to take the organic layer. Finally, we transferred the layer into the beaker and dried, to perform the Gas Chromatography
Alternative therapies/medicine are greatly used around the world until today’s day. Chamomile has been widely used for thousands of years by children and adults for multiple health conditions. Today, chamomile is used for sleepiness, anxiety, stomach upset, and may also be used topically for mouth ulcers that may occur from cancer treatment. Other beneficial properties of chamomile include: anti-inflammatory properties, stress reliever, painkiller, and an anti-septic. This paper will explore the beneficial uses of Chamomile as a form of alternative medicine, the properties of chamomile, as well as the precautions, risks and monitoring parameters associated with using Chamomile.
In this experiment, lipids from ground nutmeg are extracted using a combination of solvents and identify the lipids through chromatography. The purpose of using solvent combinations is to elute the lipids based on their polarity to binding of the silica gel. The chromatography is performed on a silica gel plate and the use of iodine to visualize the lipids. By calculating the Rf values for each compound and comparing them to the known lipids, we are able to distinguish the lipids within the grounded nutmeg.
If the solid dissolved in the solvent at room temperature, then it was too soluble and that solvent could be eliminated. The acetanilide is completely dissolved in ethanol and dichloromethane, therefore eliminating them from being the suitable solvent. If the solid did not dissolve at room temperature then it was placed in the sand bath and left to boil. If the solid dissolved, it was placed in the ice bath and if crystals were observed coming out of the solution then the suitable solvent was found. The suitable solvent was water as the crystals came out once placed in the ice bath.
Today people are becoming more aware of the advantages of using natural health products. Apart from it being a cost-efficient solution to maintain and attain healthier body, the products made from herbal and natural ingredients offer a myriad of benefits compared to those made from chemical and artificial ingredients. The followi...