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history of affirmative action essay
affirmative action in the us arguments for and against
racial discrimination in the us today
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Most European emigrants left their homelands to escape political oppression, to seek the freedom to practice their religion, or to find opportunities denied them at home. Between 1620 and 1635, economic difficulties swept England. Many people could not find work it was getting harder to support their families. ( North American History)
My ancestors were among the many boats that traveled from England to America in 1630, Anthony Emery was the first of our namesake to settle in America, behind him followed James who settled in Boston, Francis settled in Salem, and in 1638, Andrew Emery settled in Virginia. (House of Name) Many English settlers brought over diseases, smallpox and measles, killing many of the English settlers and many of the Native Americans. The natives would not touch or talk to the English afraid of catching a disease. That did not stop the disease from spreading among many different cultures. (History of North America)
At the same time that Europeans came to America so did the Chinese, Italians, and Other various countries. Europeans where known for bringing Africans over to America. The Africans were sold as slaves to the highest bidder. With this came misunderstanding and hate towards other people that where different. Europeans saw any other person who was not one of their cultures as less than human, or without intelligence. (History of North America)
The Dual labor market is what separates the upper class and the lower class in their place for employment. (Chapter 1) The upper class people are able to work higher up in a company and do easier jobs for more money, whereas lower class people are doing the hard work for lesser pay. Many of the lower class people may not offered insurance or future plans to house money for the time that they retire. Typically the white man, who originated from Europe, have been able to have the better paying jobs, while the minorities do all the dirty work for less.
Environmental justice issues rise every day. Many low class people build homes in dangerous areas because they are unable to afford to live anywhere else suitable for them. Europeans made slaves live in shacks and sleep on cots or in some cases sleep on the ground.
Affirmative action was first introduced, by President Kennedy in 1961 as a way to address discrimination. (Affirmative Action History) Affirmative action policies ensure that blacks and other minorities are able to receive the same treatment in jobs or school just as the whites are able too.
America was found by European explorers, and as they began to explore they found the native people of these new lands. The Europeans began to influence the Native Americans by turning them into Christians and educating them. Although some agreed to be influenced, others didn't causing the relationship between the Native Americans and Europeans to be lopsided, unequal, and untrusting.
The first concept of affirmative action was presented by President Kennedy in a 1961 executive order. His order stated that government contractors should voluntarily support affirmative action efforts by recruiting, hiring and promoting minorities (Moreno 5). Higher education did not become the focus of affirmative action until the 1973 case Adams vs. Richardson. In this case the Department of Heath, Education and Welfare Published guidelines ordering a unitary higher education system. The goal of these guidelines was to ensure that the proportion of black high school graduates equaled the proportion of white graduates entering state institutions of higher learning (Moreno 6).
It is hard to believe that after electing a minority president, the United States of America can still be seen as a vastly discriminatory society. A question was posed recently after a viewing of Dr. Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream…” speech of whether his dream has become a reality. After consideration, a majority of the viewers said no. Although many steps have been taken to improve racial equality in America, there is still no way to legislate tolerance. Dr. King’s message of equality for all has been lost in a black and white struggle over the taken meaning of his context. Until our society can allow all people to live in peace we will never truly achieve King’s dream. Case in point, referring to President Obama as our "our First Black President" should not be considered a statement of pride over how far we have come. Placing this racial qualifier, even in a positive light, only serves to point out his minority status, not the fact that he is the President of the United States. According to Dr. King's dream, a man or woman, black or white, would be viewed as President without qualifying their differences from mainstream America.
Affirmative action started in the 1960’s as a way to end discrimination against African American and later all minorities - including women. By migrating people of all color into workplaces and colleges/universities seemed to be the suitable solution to diversify our nation. Although blacks had been freed for a 100 years, they continually struggled with segregation. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned the segregation of all sort in the United States, however that was not enough. Congress mandated the affirmative action program as a plan of desegregation. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy made reference to this plan, but it was not until September 1965 that it was enforced by President Lyndon Johnson. The program affected federal jobs, to include federal contracting company, and universities. In order to receive federal funding, each entity had to hire and enroll minorities. Affirmative action was a good jump start to get our nation to where it is today. However, affirmative action should not be continued because it is a form of discrimination, it is more harmful than helpful, and it supplements race or gender for one’s qualification.
Affirmative action was put into affect with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Eastland 22). The purposes of affirmative action are noble at best-in theory they would serve to end the discriminatory practices so rampant in the American society. The goals were to repair or negate the effects of past discrimination, move towards diversity in both the private and public sector, to encourage representation in the work force, and to increase the economic levels of both women and minorities (Doverspike 3).
The term affirmative action was first introduced in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy but was imposed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Kennedy used it to compensate for the discrimination that people had to endure, even with the help of civil laws and constitutional assurances. These active measures are to help minorities obtain college and job opportunities that are equal to those white’s acquire. These opportunities include promotions, salary increases, career advancement, school admission, scholarships, and financial aid ("History and Debate of Affirmative Action."). Without this special opportunity, these deprived groups may not have been able to surpass the impediments of their minority.
Affirmative action is the process of improving employment, hiring, and admission practices for groups previously discriminated against. Executive Order 10925 issued by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity and introduced affirmative action to the country. Affirmative action is a way of compensating for the previous 345 years of slavery and legalized discrimination. Higher education has been utilizing affirmative action in their admission processes since the 1960’s. (Stewart)
Affirmative action creates reverse discrimination upon the opposite races. Ever since the civil war of the 1860s and the civil rights movement of the 1960s in which minorities in The United States of America, who majority are composed of African Americans and Women who were refused the opportunity’s to use public services such as public schools and certain Employment opportunities like promotions. The government of the United States has tried to restore equality and balance the society of this country by passing certain policies that would make those who were denied certain opportunities in the past bad times so they would not be left behind in struggle and failure. Affirmative Action was one of these policies. It was first used by President John F. Kennedy In his effort to restore equality of the country...
Before the arrival of the Europeans to present day United States, the Native Americans treated their homeland with respect and with spiritual properties. Occasionally they burned sections of land in the wilderness for better hunting area, but other than that they provided no threat to its well being. This all changed when the European settlers arrived. The Europeans believed that humans had domination over the land. By building huge colonies, extensive road systems and for other technological advances, the colonizers greatly changed the face of our nation.
Affirmative Action has been an issue of contention since its inception during the Civil Rights struggles of mid 20th century America. Discrimination could no longer be tolerated and the Unites States government had an obligation to encourage equality at all levels of the social infrastructure. The main type of discrimination being addressed by Affirmative Action programs was racial discrimination. The Merriam Webster dictionary defines racism as: ‘a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.’ The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination of any kind, laid the foundation for the introduction of Affirmative Action programs. In 1965, Lyndon Johnson signed an executive order requiring government contractors to diversify its staff by hiring more members of the minorities. President Nixon implemented a system in which the government could monitor the progress being made by businesses in hiring minorities. Eventually, high level educational institutions would also see the need for Affirmative Action and the benefits of a diverse student body. Affirmative Action was designed to overcome the issue of discrimination in education and the workplace by giving less fortunate members of the minority an opportunity to level the playing field and achieve success similar to that of their counterparts in the majority. Affirmative Action programs, which encourage the inclusion of minorities in education and at all levels in the workplace, are vital in the effort to eradicate discrimination and provide equal opportunity.
Kennedy was president. Affirmative action is a result of the Civil Rights movement, because its original goal was to create equal opportunities for minority groups. “In 1961, President Kennedy was the first to use the term "affirmative action" in an Executive Order that directed government contractors to take ‘affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.’”(“Affirmative Action | Overview.” Feb. 7th, 2014, NCSL). Affirmative action has been brought up in the Supreme Court on multiple occasions. In 1978, the Bakke v. University of California was one of the first cases to be brought to the Supreme Court. It allowed race to be one of several factors during the college admission policy. In 2003, the Gratz v. Bollinger case regarding the University of Michigan, affirmative action was impacting their undergraduate admissions policy. Students who had 3.0 GPAs and high test scores on the ACT were not being accepted due to the fact that they wouldn’t benefit the school's racial diversity. Affirmative action doesn’t only apply to education, in 1965 President Lyndon signed an executive order requiring government contractors to to use the affirmative action policies while hiring in order to create more diversity in the workplace (“Affirmative Action | Overview.” Feb. 7th, 2014, NCSL). Affirmative action benefited many minority groups when the policy was first signed off in 1961; yet, America is rapidly changing and affirmative action policies seem to be creating controversy throughout the
There were many causes and effects for the Europeans to come to America. Some causes were the English Reformation, new materials, new routes to Asia, and to escape from England. The Effects were disease, religions dying off, lack of food, and health problems. The effects weren’t all bad, though. There were some good effects, like the introduction to horse riding, new tools, and new land.
People now and days dismiss that or even completely forget about it. The first colonies here were British, they establish 13 colonies on the east coast of what is now America. These colonies came here for freedom to be free of the tyrants that was England. When they came here they encountered what we now know where the Native Americans. That encounter is the first notable sign of the cultural myth of the melting pot.
The issue of affirmative action has been a controversial one since its inception. The law was developed during the 1960’s as a result of the civil rights movement and the need to address injustices committed against minorities throughout the United States history. There were multiple attempts to correct the inequities between the majority and the various minorities including the 13, 14 and 15th Amendments. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 allowed for the creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to create rules to end discrimination. Affirmative action came into being with the executive order 11246 issued by President Johnson. The Civil Rights Act and President Johnson’s executive order have been updated throughout the years to address gender, disabilities, age and other characteristics that could be considered discriminatory.
The need for affirmative action was a concept noticed in 1865 during the passages of the Civil War amendments. During those years our country was still practicing in slavery and wrongful treatment of the black race. While blacks were being forced to comply to the rules of slavery, many individuals were denied their rights to food, clothing, shelter, employment, education and many other wants and/or needs. Similar acts such as these over time lead the law of affirmative action. Over the years, affirmative action plans and policies continue to merge to further in the efforts of benefiting the equality among historically disadvantaged ethnic groups as well as women. From our past to our present many people who are equally qualified and in need of jobs, services, assistance and/or necessities are denied due to their gender, race, religion, and/or ethnicity. Acts of discrimination are not just associated with employment but extend to educational opportunities, housing needs, contracting for small and large business and other public services.