Esters are pervasive in nature and commonly used in industry which makes them an essential functional group to everyday life. This investigation was conducted to find how the molecular structure and electron movement contribute to the properties performed by esters within molecules. It was found that, in nature, esters are responsible for pheromones released by plants and animals and also for the pleasant aromas of many fruits and flowers. In industry, it was found that esters are needed to create plexiglas (please define this and the following terms as footnotes), dacron , polyethylene , terephthalate , benzocaine , and procaine . Esters positively impact our world by contributing to the creation of polyester clothing which decreases our reliance on plantation grown material which could deplete the land, but also negatively affect our world due to the production of phthalic acid which is used in detergents and plastics that make the material toxic and damaging to the environment and those who use material with the acid. (http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=1017)
Introduction
Esters are organic functional groups formed from the combination of two other functional groups, alcohols and carboxylic acids. One of the hydrogen ion's that are more weakly bonded to the carboxylic acid is released and exchanged for the alkyl group from the alcohol during the reaction which forms the organic salt. This type of ester is the most common and is the one that forms the general structure of the esters (RCOOR') but there are also esters formed from simple hydrocarbon groups. These esters are usually the ones that are known to create the pleasant smells and flavors of fruits, flowers, and food flavorings.
This investigati...
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...ginal ingredient may not be available. For example, methyl trans-cinnamate (strawberry), isoamyl acetate (banana), and ethyl butyrate (pineapples) make the perfect flavors for a tropical smoothie! Secondly, esters are found naturally within certain organisms to release scents that alert members of the fellow species or for mating purposes. One example is the Z)-6-dodecen-4-olide, which is a circular ester that releases as a “social scent” for black-tailed deers. Thirdly, esters can also be used in the medical field. For instance, benzocaine is a type of ester used in skin medication to relieve skin burns. Another example is the jojoba ester, which is used in cosmetic products like lotion to soften skin. Fourthly, esters can be used as construction materials. For example, plexiglas is a type of ester used in shatterproof glass replacements and hockey rink barriers.
The experimental Fischer esterification of 8.92g of acetic acid with 5.0g of isopentyl alcohol using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst yielded 4.83g (65.3% yield) of isopentyl acetate. The product being isopentyl acetate was confirmed when the boiling point during distillation had similar characteristics to that of the literature boiling points2. Physical characteristics like color and smell also concluded a match of our product with what was intended. 1H-NMR spectroscopy analysis supported this claim due to the fact that the integration values and chemical shifts were comparable to isopentyl acetate. Lastly, infrared spectroscopy (IR) showed similar key characteristics of our product’s wavelengths to that of pure isopentyl acetate5.
amount of ester but with water added in, which gives us a good amount of product,
“How awful it is for that person which suffers this great wrath and infinite misery!”(Edwards 89-90). This is the best example of Edwards doing what he does best in his sermons; using literary devices to scare people. Why would anyone do this? Well, he uses fear for persuasion. How he does this is carefully and delicately layered in his words. Edwards uses loaded language, vivid imagery, and specific types of sentences in order to scare his audience into becoming better Puritans.
In “The Fish” by Elizabeth Bishop, the narrator attempts to understand the relationship between humans and nature and finds herself concluding that they are intertwined due to humans’ underlying need to take away from nature, whether through the act of poetic imagination or through the exploitation and contamination of nature. Bishop’s view of nature changes from one where it is an unknown, mysterious, and fearful presence that is antagonistic, to one that characterizes nature as being resilient when faced against harm and often victimized by people. Mary Oliver’s poem also titled “The Fish” offers a response to Bishop’s idea that people are harming nature, by providing another reason as to why people are harming nature, which is due to how people are unable to view nature as something that exists and goes beyond the purpose of serving human needs and offers a different interpretation of the relationship between man and nature. Oliver believes that nature serves as subsidence for humans, both physically and spiritually. Unlike Bishop who finds peace through understanding her role in nature’s plight and acceptance at the merging between the natural and human worlds, Oliver finds that through the literal act of consuming nature can she obtain a form of empowerment that allows her to become one with nature.
During week one of EDC131 we learned that the way in which we use language to communicate can vary depending on the context. We also learned that there are many different forms of communication this includes writing, talking, and signing/ gestures. In learning both of these communications it became clear that communication is more than just speaking and that we use language to express many different emotions. Things such as opinions, beliefs, wishes, threats, commands, promises, and many others are also expressed through language and can change meaning if context is changed. This will later be helpful with my education and future career. (Original)
The percentage yield gained was 70% from the Fischer Esterification reaction, which evaluates to be a good production of yield produced as the reaction is known to be reversible where conditions such as the concentration of the reactants, pressure and temperature could affect the extent of the reaction from performing. These white crystalline crystals were tested for impurity by conducting a melting point analysis and taking spectrospic data such as the IR spectra, HNMR and CNMR to confirm the identification of the product. These spectrospic methods and melting point analysis confirmed the white crystalline crystals were benzocaine.
The theme death has always played a crucial role in literature. Death surrounds us and our everyday life, something that we must adapt and accept. Whether it's on television or newspaper, you'll probably hear about the death of an individual or even a group. Most people have their own ideas and attitude towards it, but many consider this to be a tragic event due to many reasons. For those who suffered greatly from despair, living their life miserably and hopelessly, it could actually be a relief to them. Death affects not only you, but also those around you, while some people may stay unaffected depending on how they perceive it.
The federal government should not make English the national language of the United States of America because not everyone speaks it. Even though it is the most common spoken language do not forget about those who do not know it. The government can not force anyone to learn or know any language. If English did become the official language those who do not know it would have trouble. They would not know how to speak, it so they would probably make mistakes. While the ones that do know it, make fun of them. We would not have any cultural diversity here in the United States.
This chemistry book report is focus on a book called “Napoleon's buttons: How 17 molecules changed history” by Penny Le Couteur and Jay Burreson. The publisher of this book is Tarcher Putnam, the book was published in Canada on 2003 with 17 chapters (hey the number match the title of the book!) and a total of 378 pages. The genre of this book is nonfiction. “Napoleon's Buttons” contain a fascinating story of seventeen groups of molecules that have greatly changed the course of history and continuing affect the world we live in today. It also reveal the astonishing chemical connection among some unrelated events, for example: Chemistry caused New Amsterdamers to be renamed New Yorkers and one little accident of detonating cotton apron in a minor housekeeping mishap lead to the development of modern explosives and the founding of the movie industry.
Chemical: Acids in foods and beverages such as citrus fruits, spices, wines and carbonated beverages; acids produced by acidogenic bacteria following carbohydrate exposure; acids from gastric regulation. (Wilkins, BS, RDH, DMD, 2013)
Ever since I began studying science and mathematics at all levels of educations I have always had an interest in the production of useful materials. In the growing turmoil of today; a world full of global warming and diminishing resources, questions often arise in my mind such as, "can we make a more efficient, more durable and a renewable resource that will overshadow fossil fuels? and have less of an impact on our environment?" Up to now, I have not found a solution to these questions and answering these questions is a personal aspiration of mine which I aim to fulfil by achieving a degree in Chemical engineering and eventually I will contribute to the field in my own unique way. The debate surrounding sustainable energy fascinates me, having recently learned from personal research I have understood what an authoritative role chemists and chemical engineers play in the industry at the present time and how, by working as a team, they contribute to an improved future for the whole world. However, one of the main reasons that has single-mindedly driven me this far to want to study chemical engineering is a book I have read, “Beyond the Molecular Frontier: Challenges for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering” While reading this book, I had solidified my understandings of what chemical engineering is all about. Also, one of the main processes mentioned was polymerisation and is something I already study in A-level chemistry, it is something that not only interests me, but is a personal career aspiration of mine. Reading this book gave me a determination to be the person who helps improve the future of the industry and provide an answer to the questions I always ask myself by studying this degree.
During the Great Depression, while the competitors were cutting costs and reusing outdated designs, Kress was expanding and building more elaborate stores than their previous ones. The architecture was referred to as an “emporium” evoking an elegant atmosphere more suited to a fine cloth or furniture store in New York rather than the five & dime stores dotting small town America. Many wonder what the driving force was behind these design decisions, especially during a national time of economic recession. Perhaps simply to outpace the competition, but perhaps more importantly Samuel Kress was an avid art collector and a proponent of public art enhancing a community. In this way the Kress legacy of the brand became more than a retail business, it became a symbol of small town civic pride.
German Chemist Hans von Pechmann first synthesized Polyethylene by accident in 1898 by heating diazomethane. His colleagues characterized the waxy substance polyethylene due to the fact that they recognized that it consisted of long ethene chains. It was then first industrially synthesized by accident in 1933 by applying extremely high pressure to ethylene and benzaldehyde. Over the years, development of polyethylene has increased due to the additions of catalyst. This makes ethylene polymerization possible at lower temperatures and pressures.1
My clear-cut number one choice was Eleanor Roosevelt. Second was Lab, Beacon was third, and Baruch fourth and last on my list. I wanted to attend ElRo because of the distance from my house to the school, as well as that I knew a lot of people that attended and a lot of students in my grade were applying to ElRo first choice. Another big factor was that my brother was a senior and liked the school, teachers, and students. The day high-school letters were distributed was a very nervous day. Most of my friends at school found out during the school day. Around six of my closest friends from Wagner, all got into Elro. My mom was not home, so she could not open the letter, and I wanted to open it myself. When I got home, I checked the mailbox and found a letter from the DOE. I ripped open the letter hoping to get into Elro. The letter stated I got into American Studies at Lehman college, and Lab high-school.
Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988. Works Consulted -. Sazlberg, Hugh W. From Caveman to Chemist: Circumstances and Achievements. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1991.