The adolescent period is a transitional period of physical and psychological development. This is the stage between puberty and young adulthood. It is a stage associated with the teenage years that is characterize by stress, crises and conflicts in resolving identity issues, and keen sense of independence in decision making. The adolescent stage is a difficult developmental stage for adolescents. Friendship is a stage in interpersonal relationship where those concerned share common interest and feelings at a certain level. It is a supportive relationship that provides resources for adjusting and coping with developmental tasks of that stage and even beyond. This is the stage of detachment from parents and learning attachment to others developing …show more content…
Jones, John M. Vaterlaus, Mark A. Jackson, and Torrey B. Morrill, 2017). In the 1950’s the dynamics of the family was much different than today. Most children lived with both biological parents in the home. This type of family dynamic was more prevalent, and tended to be more settled. Although, this is true today the number of households with two parents have decreased. Now, though parent continue to nurture the children the living dynamics have changed to households with single, step, cohabitating, and gay and lesbian couples as parents. Times have changed, and so has the norm for adolescents in our society. Adolescents are more mature and seek more autonomy than in the 1950’s. Adolescents now are more inquisitive and are in search of their …show more content…
However, family upbringing itself influenced education, norms/cultural, environmental, social, economic and belongs to the family members. If the family provides a strict upbringing his will influence behavior. Adolescents will tend to be low and vice versa". Supported qualitative results which stated that the expectations of parents review their child to be given hope, and activities that support positive. Understanding of what an adolescent is experiencing when searching for identity, tend to be very easily unstable. Adolescents experience various emotional states. Nothing to worry about, but the adolescent may feel it is the most critical issue they are faced with in life. Erik Erikson begin this journey because of his own subjective experiences of feeling confused, and shameful, and deceived by his own parents. In search of his identity was the driving force of the Identity crisis concept. Each psychosocial stage of Erikson’s theory has played an intricate part of one’s life span. The fifth stage identity vs. role is one of the most crucial stages of life. The teen years are a time of personal exploration. The adolescent years are like exploratory surgery. Those who can successfully establish a healthy identity develop a sense of loyalty. Those who do not complete this stage well may be left feeling confused about their role and
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Show MoreErik Erikson was a psychologist made famous for his ideas on psychosocial development. “Identity crisis” is a term he coined within his career describing what results from an unsuccessful completion of a psychosocial stage of development. In Erikson’s theory, children advance following an order that is predetermined. He focused less on cognitive development and more so on how one relates with others in social interactions. Each stage of Erikson’s theory of development has one of two outcomes. A wholesome identity ensues when completion happens within a stage along with effective communication with others. When a stage is not completed successfully, the individual may become “stuck,” but may complete the stage at a later time. The first stage in Erikson’s theory is trust versus mistrust. A child comprehends the meaning of trust in others by trusting his or her caregiver. This stage begins at birth and lasts to one year of age. In the event that trust successfully develops, he or she attains security within the world and is able to maintain this security even when threatened. If this stage is not completed, it may result in a marked inability to trust and perception that the world is inconsistent, resulting in anxiety, mistrust, and insecurities. Autonomy versus shame and doubt occurs between the ages of one and three. This is when a child begins to assert his or her independence through separation from caregivers, choosing his or her own toy, and making choices about what he or she prefers. If an individual in this stage is supported in his or her increased individuality, he or she will develop secure in his or her survival. If an individual is condemned, excessively controlled, or is not allowed to assert his or her desires, he or...
The period of adolescence is a time of immense changes, both biologically and socially, through self-discovery and identification. During adolescence, the human body goes through a wave of hormonal changes in preparation for sexual reproduction. As the individual reaches adulthood, this process is called puberty (Arnett, 2015, p. 350). In addition to the physical changes, teens undergo many social and psychological changes as they approach adulthood, preparing them for the many responsibilities to come (Arnett, 2015, p. 350). Adolescence is constructed by changes in relation to the physical, cognitive, and emotional states of an individual. Within each of these developmental areas, teens mature in varying ways. In regards to physical changes, adolescents undergo the previously mentioned process of puberty, but they also face many issues such as eating disorders and substance abuse (Arnett, 2015, p. 357-359). For cognitive development, teens undergo
He named this stage of development, identity vs. role confusion. At this age children explore their individuality and independence. They develop a sense of who they are and where they belong. Those adolescents who are given proper encouragement and reinforcements at this stage of development, will develop a sturdy sense of identity and also a feeling of individuality. Those adolescents who continue to be uncertain of themselves and their wishes will feel unconfident and uncertain about themselves and their future. Adolescents who complete this stage successfully will lead to a strong dependability, which Erikson defined as being capable to live by the world standards and
Children begin to feel confident in themselves to achieve their goals making them in feel industrious but if the initiative isn’t not encouraged and the child feels restricted they develop a lack in skills that society demands. But on the contrary balance between being competitive and modest is necessary and the success will lead to competence. Identity vs. Role Confusion occurs during the age of twelve to eighteen. This is a major stage for the child development and learns the roles of adulthood developing their identity in life. During this stage the body image changes and causes the person to take a step back and re-exam there identity, with two identities are used which are sexual and the occupational identity. Erikson believes during this stage that the person adapts and grows into changes with a success in this stage leads to the virtue of fidelity. Identity crises are an experiment used by the person to try different lifestyles that could also be developed from the pressure of people around them. The sixth stage intimacy vs. isolation which is during the ages of eighteen and forty. This is the stage where people begin to open and express themselves with other people. With the exploration of relationships leading to long term commitment as well getting the comfort of others will lead to comfortable relationships as well as an improvement in commitment. But on the other hand avoiding intimacy leads to depression,
Throughout recent decades, family life has altered tremendously. In the United States adolescents have been shown a different view of what family life is. From the 1970’s until present day traditional families, such as married with children, have declined immensely. Looking back the societal rule has become very diverse considering all the aspects such as the increasing divorce rate, the rise in same-sex relationships, and the expansion of lower income households.
Though, out of all available theories and research, Erikson is most popular for his work is on identifying the eight different psychosocial stages that occur in one’s life, focusing on the personal development of one’s identity (MacLeod, 2008). He believed that the way in which an individual faces challenges in life determines whether he would progress onto the next stage or remain (Erikson, 2013). His theory considers the influence of external factors, the environment, parents and society as a whole. It begins with the first stage: Trust versus Mistrust, which occurs during infancy and continues on through several stages until concluding with the eighth. Next comes the second stage: Anatomy versus Shame and Doubt (toddlerhood), then the third stage: Initiative versus Guilt (preschool years), the fourth stage: Industry versus Inferiority (early school years), the fifth stage: Identity versus Role Confusion (adolescence), the sixth stage: Intimacy versus Isolation (young adulthood), the seventh stage: Generitivity versus Stagnation (middle adulthood), before the final stage: Ego Integrity versus Despair (adulthood) (McLeod, 2008). According to Erikson’s theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthier personality and the attainment of certain basic strengths that one might use to resolve future problems.
Erikson believed that personality is developed throughout the lifespan, and not restricted to any age. Ego identity is the central element of Erikson’s theory (Erikson, 1968, as cited in Carver & Scheier, 2007). Ego identity is the conscious sense of self, which is derived from the social reality (Carver & Scheier, 2007). Beside ego identity, competence and personal adequacy are other important elements of psychosocial theory. A person will either feel a sense of competency or inadequacy, depending on how well each stage of development is managed (Carver & Scheier, 2007). There are eight stages of development. Each stage has a crisis (psychosocial crisis) and a conflict (psychosocial conflict). Psychosocial crisis refers to the turning point of a stage, where the potential for growth is high while psychosocial conflict refers to the struggle of attaining a psychological quality at a stage (Carver & Scheier, 2007). At each stage, there are two psychological qualities against each other, one being more adaptive while another is less (Carver & Scheier, 2007). A person has to balance between the two qualities of each stage. For example, at infancy stage, the two qualities are trust and mistrust. The child has to have a balance between the two qualities, otherwise he will trust others who are not trustworthy or does not trust others even when they are trustworthy (Carver & Scheier, 2007).
Role Confusion, children discover their identity. Erik claims that he had trouble discovering his own identity because he was a blond haired and blue eyed jewish boy, which contradicted everything in the 1900s. Erickson went through role confusion before he could figure out his true identity. When becoming an adult, Intimacy vs. Isolation, the sixth stage appears. According to Erikson, this stage can only arise if one is able to find their identity in the previous stage. This is where people begin to explore relationships with other in search of a long-term commitment such as marriage. Avoiding commitment and intimacy can lead to depression or simply a life without one consistent person. Erikson’s seventh stage is Generativity vs. Stagnation which is finally bringing your life together by having children and a stable job. Without these expected accomplishments, one may feel like they haven’t done anything with their lives. The eighth and final stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development is Ego Integrity vs. Despair. At the age of about 65, one tends to reflect on their life, and what they have accomplished. If satisfied, wisdom is gained and death is accepted with no fear. On the contrary, if feelings of unproductivity and guilt about one’s past occur, depression and hopelessness is a very common feeling
82). As human beings, we are constantly encountering and resolving conflict events, which Erikson called developmental crisis. The approach we take to resolve these crises depends on the influences that are around us and the actions that we take. After examining each stage and my experiences with each one, I feel as if I have a better understanding of how I became the person I am today. My parents, family members, teachers, and coaches, along with all of the other people in my life, have helped me to create an identity for myself as I have moved through the stages of psychosocial development. Analyzing Erikson’s theory in this manner has granted me a better understanding of psychosocial development, which will be invaluable for my future career as an
His research shows that there are four adult stages: identity, intimacy, generativity and ego integrity. Identity versus role confusion, typically during adolescents is key when looking at personality and aging because it is something that carries over throughout the lifespan. For example, Erikson says that identity formation is the exploration of an individual’s interests, morals and values (Newton, 2016). We see this concept in everyone. I see it in myself, as during my adolescence I understood that I value my friends and family and enjoy pop music more so than country. I learned something simple such as that I enjoyed working with kids and now later in life, I am hoping to turn that “like” into a career. When one applies Erikson’s theory to themselves, it fascinating to see how relatable it
In this crisis, the boy would have to balance between developing a unique and individual identity while still being in a position to fit in, accepted or have a sense of belonging to a certain group. However, it is important for the individual to determine who they want to be in their life and the manner in which others would perceive them. According to Erikson, if an individual manages to navigate through this stage successfully they would emerge with the best understanding of their identity from a personal perspective in which they will also share with others. Therefore, the individual would be referred to have a life that is well adjusted or healthy. At the same time, the individual would be in a better position to associate freely with others, as they would not lose their own
Identities form throughout a person’s lifetime. Erikson suggested that the adolescent years mark the beginning of a life long journey of identity formation, providing Stages
Throughout our life, it can be marked by developmental changes in every domain of life: our physical, cognitive, social, personalities, and morals. Due to some important researchers such as Erickson, Freud, Piaget we are able to understand the development of each of these domains. Each stage of it’s life has it’s own difficulties and events that can determine a person’s life (Mogler, 2008). During the stages of adolescence, they are very vulnerable to a lot going on in their life such as fitting in, peers, family, school, activities, and society, and not to forget the ups and downs of puberty. Adolescence can be viewed as a huge part of many children’s lives where in this part of their life they try to find teenagers experience physical, cognitive,
Indeed, adolescent may be defined as the period within the life span when most of a person’s biological, cognitive, psychological and social characteristics are changing from what is typically considered child-like to what is considered adult-like (Learner and Spainer, 1980). This period is a dramatic challenge for any adolescent, which requires adjustment to change one’s own self, in the family, and in the peer group. Contemporary society presents adolescents with institutional changes as well. Among young adolescents, school setting is changed; involving a transition from elementary school to either junior high school or middle school; and late adolescence is accompanied by transition from high school to the worlds of work, University or childrearing. An adolescent experiences it all ranging from excitement and of anxiety, happiness and troubles, discovery and bewilderment, and breaks with the past and yet links with the future (Eya,
Adolescent is a crucial phase of humankind’s life, which is considered a transition from childhood to adulthood, it range from ages of 11 to 21. It is considered the main time where human beings develop their identity, become independent, and discover their position in the society. The physical and emotional development in adolescent is rapid, full of changes; some are positive and others are negative. At the end of this phase there are some challenges needs to be solved by the adolescent to pass successfully into the next phase (Whipple, 2009).