Cryptosporidium coccidi or C. parvum is a Protisit organism that causes a parasitic inflammatory gastroenteritis called Cryptosporidiosis. C. parvum is classified into the Protozoa class known as Apicomplexans. The normal habitat for this organism is in aquatic environments and also in moist soil. The path of transmission for C. parvum is through the fecal-oral route. It can be transmitted from human to human or animal to human. This organism is transmitted usually by contaminated water sources; which include recreational water sources like swimming pools, water parks, lakes, ponds, etc. Another common source of transmission of C. parvum is through physical contact to the Cryptosporidium oocysts, a common place for this to happen is daycares. You can acquire this organism by swallowing something that came in contact with the infected stool, or by eating undercooked contaminated food. Also you can be infected with C. parvum by touching your mouth with contaminated hands. 1 Cryptosporidiosis is the disease state that is cause by the microorganism, C. parvum, which lives in the intestines of infected humans or animals. The signs and symptoms of Cryptosporidiosis are watery diarrhea, dehydration, vomiting, nausea, abdominal cramps, fever, and malaise. Symptoms usually last one to two weeks. In people with normal immune systems who become infected with C. parvum develop an acute form of Cryptosporidiosis; they have limited diarrhea with infectious oocytes that last one to two weeks. In immune compromised individuals infected with C. parvum develop cholera-like diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration, emaciation, and even death. The diagnosis of Cryptosporidiosis is done by collecting and examining stool samples from the patient. T... ... middle of paper ... ...ped. If you are at a recreational water venue and have a young child, take them to frequent bathroom breaks, monitor their diapers and don’t change their diapers near the poolside. Also minimize contact with animals, animal feces, and if you come in contact with animals feces and their living area, wear gloves and make sure to wash your hands. If you are immunocompromised don’t handle animal feces and don’t come in contact with any person or animal with Cryptosporidosis because it could be life threatening. Works Cited Cryptosporidiosis - Page 1." Microsoft Internet Information Server. Web. 07 July 2010. . 2.) Pommerville, Jeffrey C., and Jeffrey C. Pommerville. Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett, 2010. Print.
C. difficile is highly contagious and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. 2 It also known to develop right afte...
The purpose of this study is to identify an unknown bacterium from a mixed culture, by conducting different biochemical tests. Bacteria are an integral part of our ecosystem. They can be found anywhere and identifying them becomes crucial to understanding their characteristics and their effects on other living things, especially humans. Biochemical testing helps us identify the microorganism present with great accuracy. The tests used in this experiment are rudimentary but are fundamental starting points for tests used in medical labs and helps students attain a better understanding of how tests are conducted in a real lab setting. The first step in this process is to use gram-staining technique to narrow down the unknown bacteria into one of the two big domains; gram-negative and gram-positive. Once the gram type is identified, biochemical tests are conducted to narrow down the specific bacterial species. These biochemical tests are process of elimination that relies on the bacteria’s ability to breakdown certain kinds of food sources, their respiratory abilities and other biochemical conditions found in nature.
In crowded conditions, the rate of infection is even more rapid. The diseases brought over to America were mainly spread by the respiratory method. The pathogenesis of infection is through the ingestion of contaminated food and water. Throughout Europe during the 15th century, food and water were contaminated with fecal matter and by unsanitary habits ( i.e. the lack of bathing). The traumatic route of infection is through insect and animal bites.
Legionella pneumophila GRAPH Introduction: Legionella pneumophila are gram-negative rods. They are very difficult to culture because of their complex nutrient requirements, such as cysteine, high concentrations of iron, and the use of activated charcoal agar. They survive as intracellular pathogens of either protozoa or human macrophages. They are most often found in stagnant water reservoirs like air conditioning cooling towers, whirlpool spas, humidifiers, faucets and shower heads, and are infectious when inhaled. L. pneumophila was first identified and named after the American Legion convention of 1976, held in Philadelphia, PA.
It was spread very slowly and less broadly than other viral illnesses which took a long time to identify the infection in the first two weeks. Infection of smallpox started to grow between 7 to 10 days when the scabs formed into bruises. The signs and symptoms of this disease include high fever, widespread rashes, redness, muscle pain, headache, common cold, vomiting, nausea and many more. Consequently, the virus was found in the bone marrow along with bloodstream in huge numbers. There are different types of the smallpox disease with other classifications.
This disease may be on the brink of being eradicated entirely but that doesn’t stop it from being one of the grossest things that anyone has ever seen. The parasite enters the body via unsafe drinking water. When people drink water infected with water fleas that have have been hosting the larvae of the parasite. There are no symptoms, to begin with, but about one year later, blisters on the feet or legs begin to develop and then the adult fully developed worm crawls out of the host body over a period of a few weeks. It’s said that the pain is intense and can incapacitate a person for weeks at a time. The pain can also continue for months after the infection. The parasite needs to infect a person at least once a year in order to continue. There were an estimated 3.5 million cases in 1986 but the disease has been greatly reduced over time and only 22 cases were reported in 2015. This disease will probably be the first parasitic disease to be completely eradicated in humans.
Pathogens are a type of microorganism that spreads viral and bacterial diseases. These diseases when present in human blood and body fluids are known as blood borne pathogens, and can spread from one person to another. (Worcester polytechnic institute) The most serious types of blood borne diseases are the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), which can cause liver damage; and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which is responsible for causing AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). The blood borne pathogens can be spread when the blood or body fluids (semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, and amniotic fluid) of an infected individual comes into contact with mucous membranes or an open sore or cut on the skin of another person. Mucus membranes are located in the eyes, nose, mouth, and other areas as well. ("Bloodborne pathogens: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia") Two of the most common ways that pathogens are transmitted is through the exchange of fluids during sexual intercourse or by sharing infected IV needles. (Worcester polytechnic institute)
Other ways hepatitis A can be transmitted from person to person are through direct contact with an infected person, such as sexual contact, and sharing of needles for intravenous drug use. Hepatitis A can also be transmitted by coming in contact with contaminated food or water. Also, foods that are uncooked or undercooked and have been contaminated with Hepatitis A can transmit the virus. Bennett, A. J.,2016; World Health Organization, 2017) Hepatitis A can affect a person of any age group.
Recent research shows that, there are three major means by which infections can be transmitted and they include direct transmission, indirect transmission and airborne transmission (Hinman,Wasserheit and Kamb,1995). Direct transmission occurs when the physical contact between an infected person and s susceptible person takes place (division of public health, 2011). An example is a health care worker who attends to an Ebola patient, without gloves, gown and mask plus forget to wash his or her hand with soap and hot water and or a person having flu without the use of mask or washes his hand after sneezing easily passes the infection to the other through hand shake or surface touch, living the bacteria there for another vulnerable person to also touch if the surface is not disinfected with bleach. Studies makes it clear that, the spreads takes effect when disease-causing microorganisms pass from the infected person to the healthy person through direct physical contact such as touching of blood, body fluids, contact with oral secretion, bites kissing, contact with body lesions and even sexual contact. However, measles and chicken pox are said to be conditions spread by direct
The polio virus affects humans by the fecal-oral route. A given individual ingests water or food contaminated with polio virus, the virus infects the individual, the individual passes the virus in their feces, the virus is in the sewage which enters a watershed where another individual ingests the water and consequently the virus. Polio virus can also spread by person-to-person contact, especially in young children. After entering the host, polio virus travels down the digestive tract to the small intestine where it replicates itself in the B-cells and T-cells of the gut mucosa lining the intestine.
Viruses can be transmitted in many ways. Being in contact with an infected person will most likely transfer the virus. One can also obtain the virus through swallowing, inhaling, and unsafe sex. Poor hygiene and eating habits usually increase the risk of catching a viral infection. Contracting a viral infection is followed by adverse s...
Enterococci are normally found inhabiting the large bowls of humans but are also a part of the intestinal micro flora in mammals and birds. Enterococci are also found in soil, plants, and water. Normally, you do not find E. faecalis in water but there are other species of Enterococci that have been found in water due to contamination. Often from feces. E. faecalis is considered an assorted species because it mingles with many different organisms and has an effect on the environment. Some of the ways that E. faecalis can be transmitted in the environment are by various insects and animals. House flies are a good example of how the bacterium is transmitted because where they live there are live microbial communities present. Normally they are found around...
Histoplasmosis is a type of fungus that lives in the environment, mainly in areas of birds or bats dropping in humid areas. It is not a series condition unless it spreads throughout the body. One can develop this by breathing in spores of fungus in areas with bird or bat droppings. It is usually transmitted through spores becoming airborne by demolition projects. This fungus grows mainly in central southeastern and mid- atlantic states. This fungus thrives in in damp soil and rich organic material. People can still get histoplasmosis again if they previously had it, but he illness would likely be more milder. The reproductive spores of this fungus are extremely light and can float into the air when dirt or any other contaminated material
In this method, living spores which are resistant to whichever sterilizing agent is being tested are prepared in either a self contained system, such as dry sp...
[64] M. Alvarezand A.Casadevall,“Phagosomeextrusionandhost- cell survival after Cryptococcus neoformans phagocytosis by macrophages,” Current Biology, vol. 16, no. 21, pp. 2161–2165, 2006