Cardiovascular system
Congenital Heart Disease
Congenital heart disease is a defect in one or more structures of the heart or blood vessels that occurs prior to birth. Defects can be severe at birth and require immediate attention, while others are mild that will heal on its own, and some go unnoticed until a person is older. It affects 1 out of every 100 children at birth (WebMD, American Heart Association).
Heart valve defects include narrowing of the valves or complete closure that stops forward blood flow. Some valves do not close properly allowing blood to leak backwards. Defects in the walls between the atria and ventricles of the heart may allow abnormal mixing of oxygenated and un-oxygenated blood between the left side and the right side of the heart. Heart muscles defects often lead to heart failure due to the muscle not working properly. The vital signs that detects a congenital birth defect is a pulse oximeter and blood pressure.
Symptoms of congenital heart disease include rapid breathing, cyanosis (bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails), fatigue, and poor blood circulation.
Treatment depends on the type of defect, severity, age, and general health. Most children with congenital heart disease do not require treatment, but some with severe heart defects require heart catheter procedures, open heart surgery, heart transplants, and medications. Prior to pregnancy, females should check if she was vaccinated for rubella. The most critical time for preventing a congenital heart defect is during the first trimester; since the heart is one of the first organs to develop in a fetus. During pregnancy, mothers should take a multivitamin, avoid illegal drugs, alcohol, and viral infections, medications (especially lithium,...
... middle of paper ...
...tic devices, wheelchairs and rolling walkers can be used to support movement. Communication aids, such as computers with communication devices can be used to help with speech (NINDS; Bachrach, 2012).
Cerebral Palsy cannot be prevented, but if pregnant health precautions can decrease chances of the infant to develop Cerebral Palsy. Having a healthy diet, proper use of
16
medications, proper prenatal care, and consulting with doctor about medications are effective precautions during pregnancy. Also, if suffering with diabetes, anemia, hypertension, seizure, or nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy, then these must be controlled. After birth, do not shake baby, which can lead to shaken baby syndrome and brain damage. Do not expose children to lead, this can also lead to brain damage, and give proper immunizations at the right time for the child (Bachrach, 2012).
17
Ebstein’s Anomaly is a rare congenital condition, present at birth, in which the tricuspid valve is malformed and the valve itself is not in the correct anatomic place (Mayo Clinic Staff). This anomaly affects the right side of the heart – the tricuspid valve is located too deep into the ventricle, causing a smaller and weaker right ventricle. The space above the decreased right ventricle is made up of atrial tissue and this can be referred to as right ventricle dysplasia or an atrialized right ventricle (Reynolds). Typically the tricuspid valve has three freely moving leaflets, but in Ebstein’s anomaly one or two of those leaflets get fused to the heart walls causing regurgitation. Since the heart does not work as efficiently in those who have this anomaly, the heart usually compensates and becomes enlarged. It...
Of the two representations of the “Tell-Tale Heart”, the live action version is best. The live action was more accurate to the original story than the animated version was. The animated version was mostly for entertainment and got some facts wrong. In the live action, he killed the man in the same way and it had all the narrative of the story. The narrator wasn't Poe, like he was in the animated version. He disposed of the body the same and acted the way the character did in the original book. In the live action, the old man’s eye was completely covered by the film. He also panicked the same way as the book.
First and foremost, Eisenmenger syndrome was initially described in 1897 when German physician, Victor Eisenmenger, reported on a patient with symptoms of dyspnea and cyanosis from infancy that subsequently developed heart failure (Connolly, 2014). The postmortem description was revealed and a ventricular septal defect was discovered (El-Chami et al., 2014a). With that being said, this had been the first time that the link between a large congenital cardiac shunt defect and the development of pulmonary hypertension had ever been noted (El-Chami et al., 2014b). The normal heart has four chambers. The two upper chambers are separated from each other by the atrial septum (NORD, 2014a). The two lower chambers are known as ventricles and are separated from each other by the ventricular septum (NORD, 2014b).
“Hypoplastic left heart syndrome accounts for 9% of all critically ill newborns with congenital cardiac disease, causing the largest number of cardiac deaths in the first year of life.(2) ” HLHS is a severe heart defect that is present at birth. HLHS combines different defects that result in an underdeveloped left side of the heart. This syndrome is one of the most challenging and difficult to manage of all of the congenital heart defects. Multiple portions on the left side of the heart are affected including the left ventricle, the mitral and aortic valve, and the ascending aorta. These structures are greatly reduced in size, or completely nonexistent causing the functionality of the left heart to be reduced, or non-functional all together.
Eisenmenger Syndrome (ES) is a heart defect that was first giving the name in 1897 (Fukushima, 2015). This syndrome happens when the birth defect is not treated before the lungs’ arteries become damaged. Eisenmenger Syndrome is named after Victor Eisenmenger a man who had a patient who showed symptoms such as, breathing complications and skin that was turning a bluish color. The autopsy of this patient lead him to discover a ventricular septal defect [VSD] (El-Chami, 2014), that causes a hole in the wall on the right and left ventricular. This is the defect that begins when signaling for pulmonary artery hypertension, which progresses into more advanced stages of ES. This birth defect eventually causes patients to have various
According to Batshaw, Roizen, and Lotrecchiano (2013), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is “the persistence of a fetal passage permitting blood to bypass the lungs” (p. 745). This is an inherited heart condition in which the ductus, a small pathway between the pulmonary and the aortic, valves remain open. This cardiovascular problem usually occurs in low birth weight infants. The blood vessels usually naturally closes after birth (Batshaw et al., 2013, p. 96). It becomes atypical if it remains open after the neonatal period. The structure usually closes in typical developing newborns around the initial 24 hours, and anatomical closure is supposed to follow several weeks later (Stanford Children’s Health, 2015). At the point when the ductus arteriosus stays open, the blood from the oxygen-rich aorta blends with the oxygen-poor pulmonary artery causing the higher chance of blood pressure in the lung pathways (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). Certain children who have patent ductus arteriosus may be given medication, relying upon the circumstance to standardize the blood and oxygen levels until surgery is performed. Doctor can treat this condition by providing pharmaceutical medicine, catheter-based procedures, and surgery (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011).
Have you ever felt the urge to know how it feels to be insane. Have you wonder how it would feel to be rid of something that haunted you for eight days. Have you felt the thrill of getting rid of it by ending it. I might be a little crazy but, I strongly believe that tell tale heart is appropriate for the 8th grade standard. “What is the Tell Tale Heart?”, you my ask. Tell Tale Heart is a horror genre story that is about a man who suffers from a mental disease, and he lives with a old man that never harmed him or wronged him. What made him kill him was because of the old man’s eye. “It was like a vulture’s eye” (pg.89) so he stalked him in his sleep every night for seven days just to see the old man’s eye open. His verge to insanity he was not stable. He was already ill, but instead of seeking for help he states that it sharpened his senses. He stated that he was trustworthy (no end mark; reread this run-on
...e the most common group of congenital defects. defects of the bloods vessels leading into and out of the heart. Hypoplastic left heart, where the left side of the heart and bloods don't develop properly, is an example of a common cardiac abnormality
Although there is no known prevention for this disease it recommended for the mother to follow not put the growing fetus at any harm like smoking or drinking while pregnant and to regularly have checks with the doctor.
I chose the three short stories to write about based on my views of each. I picked three completely different stories to read and write about, so I can at the end, form my opinion.
Globally there’s a 2 to 3 percent proportion of the infant population being born with congenital malformations. Congenital malformations, existing at birth are single or multiple defects in the body or organs identifiable at birth or during fetal development. Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most frequent of congenital malformations. It is estimated that “eight in 1,000 newborns” are said to have congenital heart defects, an abnormal aliment of the heart and blood vessels surrounding the heart. A ventricular septal defect (VSD) accounts for 25-30 percent of all congenital heart defects, with 1 in 500 infants born with a VSD.
This can be diagnosed during the pregnancy or after the baby is born. “Anencephaly would result in an abnormal result on a blood or serum screening test or it might be seen during an ultrasound.” This birth defect is more common in girls than boys. There is also no cure or standard treatment since most die shortly after birth. As a way to offer support to these families, many hospitals offer perinatal hospice care. A perinatal hospice approach helps these families through the process: pregnancy, birth, and death. ("Facts about
All parents hope to have a healthy child. However, there are cases where a child may have a congenital heart defect. A child diagnosed with this devastating cardiovascular disease must be one of the worst news parents could ever get. With the advancement of science, early detections and interventions are in place to manage the disease. Proper management and treatment should be taken into consideration to avoid complications.
defects. They will remain in intensive care for weeks or months after their birth. Their
The aim of this essay is to critically analyse a clinical incident involving an adult with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD). I will define reflection, then select a reflective model and critically reflect on the incident demonstrating my new found knowledge. Lastly, I will suggest how nursing practice should change to improve the care of this group of patients.