Chimpanzees and Bonobos are very similar species of apes and they both have very similar gestures that have alike meanings. While it is not surprising that some of the gestures are the same, it is more surprising that they also have the same intention. When comparing the gestures, the ASO, or Apparently Satisfactory Outcome, is taken into consideration. The ASO is used to help figure out the meaning of the gesture by showing how the receiver of the gesture responds to the action and if the signaller is satisfied with the outcome of their response. The gestures and meanings are then compared between bonobos and chimpanzees to determine how similar their actions are to each other. One challenge of deciphering the meanings of the actions was
It is said that the humanoid existence begins in Africa. It is no coincidence that Africa is also the home to Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, and Bonobos, Pan paniscus. These are humans’ two closest living relatives, both sharing almost 99% of the human genome through common descent. While humans were said to have separated from Chimpanzees around 5-7 million years ago , Bonobos separated from its Chimp cousins around 2 million years ago . Bonobos inhabit a single part of Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo South of the Congo River, unlike the Chimpanzee, which inhabits Across West- and Central Africa, with remaining populations distributed over several countries. While these two apes where once thought to be the same species, up until the beginning of the 20th century , there are many differences socially, as well as physically, that make Bonobos more than a Pygmy Chimp. With disparities in morphology, behavior, perhaps even emotions and cognition, and known as the “make love, not war chimp” , how can this ape be so vastly different from its notoriously violent Pan cousin, but yet share the same amount of similar DNA to Homo sapiens? And what does this mean for the studies of human and past humanoid behavior?
To start, research shows that there are a striking number of similarities between humans and chimpanzees in context to their social behavior.
Although the practice of collecting animals have been present since 2500 B.C (Dunlap and Kellert), efforts to keep animals in a safe and natural habitat have been poorly consummated. Psychological manipulation has consequentially drawn chimpanzees to mental illness, as in the article “How Abnormal Is the Behavior of Captive, Zoo-Living Chimpanzees?” Lucy P. Birkett and Nicholas E. Newton-Fisher wrote, “Many chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) kept in laboratory housing settings show a variety of serious behavioral abnormalities, such as, repetitive rocking, drinking of urine, or self-mutilation.” Social and maternal separation for the benifit of reasearch are linked to psychological traumatic as well (Dunlap and Kellert). Although through history the service of zoos have been for entertainment, it is a trivial reason for holding chimpanzees in confidment. Subsequently, it is inhumane to take primates from the wild and place them in a zoo, commercial, or laboratory setting, which strips them of their ability to act naturally.
In the article “Why Are Chimps Still Chimps?” published on February of 2012 by authors Norman J. Johnson, James J. Smith, Briana Pobiner, and Caitlin Schrein write about chimps and why they are still around today. Many people ask the question, if we evolved from chimps then why are they still here? The authors purpose of this article is to answer that very question. They write that the reasons chimps are still around today is because humans did not evolve from living chimps. Instead, both human and chimps evolved from a common ancestor that is now extinct.
Thesis: Based on the observable behavior and culture of bonobos, compared to chimps, bonobos provided better insight and blueprint of precursor of human behavior than the chimps.
Although it has been known for some time that bonobos and chimps perform a number of similar gestures, this is the first time that the meaning of those gestures has been found to significantly correlate.
Psychologist Steven Pinker is one of these critics. Pinker has said “No chimpanzee has learned sign language..... They’ve certainly learned some gestures, but sign language is not just a system of gestures. It’s a full, grammatical language with its own systematic grammar, like Latin” (Hart, “Apes and Human Language”). Many other researchers simply do not agree that animals using symbols and signs constitute human language. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics support this
While physiological similarities between bonobos and chimpanzees suggest cognitive similarities, it is found through behavioral differences that we see the two species differ cognitively. Conducted in 2010, this study examines both species and determines whether or not these cognitive differences support the role of ecological and socio-ecological pressures in the shaping of bonobos and chimpanzees cognitive skills. In order to test this idea, researches chose to put both species under a wide range of cognitive problems and
Language is commonly held to be the province of humans, but other inhabitants of earth possess their own forms of communication. Birds, dolphins, and whales are some of those that have a language. Primates also use vocal communication with each other. Their utterances have varied uses and volumes, with each primate’s voice being distinct just as human voices are. These unique calls have given researchers insight into the social workings of primate groups. The very fact that primates have a language offers insight into the evolution of language and calls into question what the term human truly means.
Animals and humans are able to communicate nonverbally with sign language, hand motions, or body language. “Bees communicate the location of pollen to other bees in the hive by dancing” (Doc 2). Honey bees have two dances, a circular dance, and a tail wagging dance (Doc 2). Bees are able to tell other bees where to find pollen by making gestures or “dancing”, similar to how human can communicate with gestures and sign language. Chimps can't talk because they have a thin tongue and a high vocal box, however, humans have been able to communicate by teaching them sign language (Doc 6). Koko, a gorilla knows about one-thousand American sign language signs (Doc 6). Although Koko can't talk, she like deaf or nonverbal people, is able
Apes have over and over again surpassed other primates in comprehension tests carried out in the laboratory. They are capable of reacting to stimuli in an appropriate manner. Researchers have measured intelligence in primates in a number of situations in an effort to determine the level of cognition these primates possess. Russon and Begun, researchers who have explored ape intelligence state, “In the physical domain, great apes do use tools in ways that require their grade of cognition but they devise equally complex manual techniques and solve equally complex spatial problems” (Russon and Begun 2004). Apes have the abilit...
Chimpanzees (Figure 1) are the closest living relatives to us, and they share 99 percent of our DNA (1). Chimpanzees have distinct group territoriality. Male chimpanzees “patrol” near the boundary between the two ranges, at that time they move very carefully and quietly, and they can cease to listen and observe the range of their neighbors. Patrolling individuals are likely to face cruel and violent attacks, injuries, and even deaths. Intense excitement and aggressive display can occur if the two parties of two communities encounter each other. Usually, the larger group holds its ground, and interaction between different chimpanzees communities may also lead to gang attack. Expanding the community range is necessary to their social organizations, the males cooperation can defend the territory and increase the reproductive rates of the resident females by excluding female and male competitors. Body contact is common in their social life such as grooming (1). Usually, chimpanzees groom each other as a way to show harmony and solidarity in their society (Figure 2). Grooming each other demonstrates the deep bonds and close relationship between them. In addition, they can even hug, hold hands, touch, kiss each other as a way of emotional expression (2).
Hopkins, W. D., et al. "Handedness For Tool Use In Captive Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes): Sex Differences, Performance, Heritability And Comparison To The Wild." Behaviour 146.11 (2009): 1463. Publisher Provided Full Text Searching File. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.
...tention to how people react to one another’s comments, guessing the relationship between the people and guessing how each feels about what is being said. This can inform individuals to better understand the use of body language when conversing with other people. It is also important to take into account individual differences. Different cultures use different non-verbal gestures. Frequently, when observing these gestures alone the observer can get the wrong impression, for instance, the listener can subconsciously cross their arms. This does not mean that they are bored or annoyed with the speaker; it can be a gesture that they are comfortable with. Viewing gestures as a whole will prevent these misunderstandings. Non-verbal gestures are not only physical, for example; the tone of voice addressing a child will be different from the way it is addressed to an adult.
Page highlights four major criticisms of the results of the attempts to teach sign language to primates. First, there is no reason to suppose that the animal's signing behavior is an expression of anything other than the animal's awareness that "If I do this, I get food." Second, spontaneous use of sign language is rare even in a well-trained primate. Third, longer strings of signs often consist of random repetition of certain words and phrases known by the animal to lead to food reinforcement. Finally, any errors made by the signing primates were often rationalized by researchers by describing them as novel creations.