Unit Operations Assignment
Qianrong Wu 16200228 Temperature Profiling Assignment
Cheese is the fresh or ripened product obtained by coagulation of milk and subsequent separation of whey and curd phases constituting the milk coagulum. The following process steps are generic in cheese production. Firstly, production of coagulum through the action of rennet and/or lactic acid. Secondly, the gel obtained by coagulation forms curd and whey under syneresis. Then, separation of the resulting curds from the whey. Finally, manipulation of the curds to produce the desired characteristics of the cheese (shown in Figure 1). Fig. 1. Cheese making process
Figure 2 illustrates the main technological steps of cheese making. The physicochemical quality of raw milk must be checked before filtering, which used to remove the insoluble matter in the milk. Following, the milk is pasteurized at 72-75 °C for 15s, cooled in a 30°C water bath for 2 minutes to 32-34 °C, and standardized the fat content of milk from about 3.5% to 3.0%. When pasteurization, cooling, and standardization are done, the rennet and/or lactic acid is added to separate
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The extrusion process parameters, like screw speed, feed rate, temperature, geometry, moisture content, protein and fiber content, heat capacity, et, al., largely define the final product characteristics, including product microstructure, product chemistry or the macroscopic shape of products. According to operating temperature, the extrusion can be classified into sub-zero Celsius processes for the manufacture of ice cream, normal extrusion for food products, including snacks, RTE (ready to eat) breakfast cereals, baby food, instant concentrates, emulsions, pastes, texturized vegetable protein and pet food, as well as the hot melt extrusion in the pharmaceutical industry (Wolf,
I’m going to teach you how to make the best Mac and Cheese. First, I get a medium-sized saucepan and fill it three-fourths of the way with water that only comes from a natural spring, and put it over high heat. Then, place a nice steel colander in the sink to drain the cooked noodles with later. Next, I get out my white, plastic measuring spoons, liquid measuring cups, a relatively sized bowl for my meal, and a regular metal stirring spoon, which I will use as my eating utensil after I complete the recipe. To begin, I add a pinch of table salt to the water and bring it to a boil while also getting out the necessary ingredients. From the pantry, I have a sixteen ounce bag of H-E-B brand Elbow Macaroni noodles, an eight ounce bottle of Kraft one hundred percent Grated Parmesan Cheese, and an eight ounce can of Tony Chachere’s Original Creole Seasoning. While from the fridge, I have a fifteen ounce container of H-E-B Salted Sweet Cream Spreadable Butter with Canola Oil, a sixteen ounce carton of H-E-B Heavy Whipping Cream, one quart bottle of H-E-B Whole Milk, and an eight pack of H-E-B American Cheese Slices.
While the tube for specimen Cb turned a tannish white in the lower half of the tube while the top stayed the lavender inoculated tube color. Do to this evidence I determined that both specimens Ca and Cb cannot use the process Casein hydrolysis or Casein coagulation due to lack of soft or firm curds in both tubes. Since there was no casein curds formed, I concluded that specimens Ca and Cb also cannot perform the process of proteolysis. My conclusion is supported by the fact that there was no clearing of the medium. I have also determine that neither of my organisms can make the enzymes rennin, proteolytic or even proteases. I know my specimens cannot produce proteases due to the fact that there was no blue coloring in the tubes which means that the byproduct Ammonia was not produced to increase the pH. Since neither of my specimens can make these enzymes, I concluded that my specimens cannot break down lactose or casein. Although I did learn that specimen Cb can reduce litmus due to the evidence that the lower part of the tube turned a tannish white color with a purple ring at the top. This color change from a purple to a white means that the litmus was reduced turning it clear and leaving the white of the milk to show. Finally I know that specimen Ca cannot reduce litmus due to the fact that the tube had no change in
The overall findings of this experiment were that the half and half held the ice cream to the highest structure. The experiment showed that the median amount of milk fat measured the highest. The hypothesis that the product with the most milk fat would have the highest structure was not supported. The milk product with is most fat would not allow as much room for air in the structure. The milk product that held the ice cream the highest was half and half at 12.31 cm the half and half had a mix of a creamy and clumpy texture. The whole milk’s average was 11 cm with a clumpy and rocky texture and the heavy whipping cream was 11.53 cm with a smooth and creamy texture. Not only did the amount of fat change the height of the structure, it also changed the texture of the ice cream. The least amount of fat left the ice cream with a very clumpy, hard and rocky texture. And the most amount of fat left the ice cream with a creamy, soft and smooth
This article goes into depth on the different components that make up breast milk’s nutrient content. The article also goes over the different types of milks that a mother produces when feeding her infant. It also brings up that every mother’s milk is different because breast milk will change itself based on an infant’s nutritional needs. Both authors work at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research for Human Milk and Lactation which means both authors have a strong knowledge about breast milk. All sources they
Since the beginning of time, people have been drinking milk. Even today you will find a gallon of milk in almost every refrigerator in America. Milk is, and has always been, a staple of our diet. Because it contains essential proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins, milk is considered one of nature's perfect foods. Unfortunately, throughout the last century milk has been subjected to many forms of modern processing practices, which deprive milk from many of its natural qualities and benefits. Therefore many essential vitamins and enzymes are lost. Processing milk has altered one of nature’s perfect foods and changed it into something nature did not intend. Because of the abundant health benefits in raw milk, this report will explain why it should be made legal for consumers to buy throughout the United States.
Each cream is made up of a different amount of fat content, Heavy Whipping Cream is 38% fat content, Heavy Cream is 36% fat content, Whipping Cream is 30% fat content, Light Cream is 10% fat content, Half and Half is 10% cream. These percentages show a large similarity to the experiments findings, showing that the creams with the larger percentage of fat also end up with a larger mass of curds.
The purpose of this experiment is to detect what kind of macromolecules are present in these three types of milk by using the Benedict’s solution, Lugol’s solution, and Sudan IV solution. Also, using the nutrition facts labels to identify which substance is skim milk, whole milk, and soy milk. Hypothesis: Using the Benedict’s solution to detect for the presence of simple sugar. If the unknown A, B, C milk samples turn from bright blue to orange color during the Benedict's test, then these samples are positive control and the carbohydrates are present in them.
Cheese is a very famous food that is can be used in many dishes for example main course and desserts. Cheese is a food that is made from a milk based. This milk can come from various sources for example cows and goats. Water content is remove fully from the milk. The function of this process is to improve and concentrated the protein, fat and other nutrients in the cheese. It also use to increase the life time for the cheese. The cheese making is one of the examples for the biotechnology.
Currently, the company lacks of focus as it has a diverse product line with too many varieties of cheese products. With so many products it cannot be sure to decide as to which market segment to target in order to take the advantage of the growing market.
Enzyme action Rennin A proteolytic enzyme that speeds up the coagulation of milk. It is usually found in the tissues of a calves fourth stomach. Its purpose is to coagulate the milk in young animals so that the proteins have time to be extracted, rather than flowing straight through the digestive system. This particular enzyme catalyses the conversion of the protein in milk (caseinogen) into paracasein. This forms a thick curd in the stomach meaning the milk can be exposed to Rennin for a greater period of time.
There are several factors that go into deciding whether products can be considered safe for consumption. One process in deciding for dair is SCC, or Somatic Cell Count. The SCC is a count of all the white blood cells existing in milk products. If a certain number is reached, the milk is considered infected. An article entitled Somatic Cell Count- Milk Quality Indicator states, “A threshold SCC of 200,000 would determine whether a cow is infected with mastitis… Cows infected with a significant pathogen have an SCC of 300,000 or greater” (“Somatic Cell Count”). It is also stated that in Europe, “milk with an SCC of more that 400,000 is deemed unfit for human consumption” (“Somatic Cell Count”). While 400,000 is considered unsafe in Europe, The United States Department of Agriculture allows for “Grade A milk shipments” to have a maximum SCC of “750,000 cells/mL” (“Determining U.S. Milk Quality”). It’s questionable what actually is safe for consumption. No mammal other than humans consume milk after infancy, and especially not from other mammals. Needed calcium is easily obtained through consumption of various vegetables and nuts. People just aren’t meant to drink milk. Dairy is the most common food allergy out there. A concept easy enough for kids to understand, an article from Kidshealth.org explains to lactose intolerant children, “[Y}our body starts making less lactase when you’re around 2 years old” (“Lactose Intolerance”). Because at 2 years of age, a person is no longer an infant, and therefore the body thinks that a person isn’t going to be drinking milk anymore. Dairy consumption can even lead to cancer. In an article entitled Milk and Prostate Cancer: The Evidence Mounts it is stated that “Major studies suggesting a link between milk and prostate cancer have appeared in medical journals since the 1970s” (“Milk and Prostate Cancer”). One of these studies indicated that “frequent dairy could increase
Although the milk itself does not have a very long life, other foods and some dairy products can be made using it. Cheese would be the main example of this, which can be produced simply by the curdling of milk. Rennin, found in the substance rennet, is a milk-coagulating enzyme capable of assisting in the production of cheese. Therefore the temperatures at which the milk and rennet coagulate best at in this experiment, are
Saroj (2001) supports the fact now a days factors that cause change to occur are unpredictable, Bega Cheese however appears to be in a continual state of change. Change is driven by forces which make a firm unique to able to achieve strategic goal of company. These forces can either be internal of external. External forces that have driven Bega Cheese to prompt change include social and political pressure is another force due to customers, suppliers’ needs wants to be unsteady, fore which, managers at Bega Cheese implement participative leadership (Rawat 2001). As Bega Cheese export cheese worldwide, therefore, many social and political concerns arises, however, Bega Cheese has valued and acknowledged high quality to be exported through applying legal conformity such as Halal accredited to Middle East countries. Moreover, it has gained competitive advantage to establish high value of its customers and employees as well as superior profits for itself (Micheal 1998).
... and nutritious experience by giving people actual experience to see, feel and taste what is nutrition about (Hegler, 2010).
Food is taken for granted by many people in places like the Western World, especially in countries like the United States. There is no fear that the next meal will be an empty plate, nor is there reason to fear that the supply of food will disappear. The reason that there is no need to ration out supplies is that the food industry mass produces food to feed their ever growing population in factory farms. However, the public is kept generally unaware of what occurs inside these farms, which calls into question the integrity of the food production. While there is an acceptance of these farms due to the convenience they provide to the consumer, there are many negative consequences related to these slaughterhouses. The mass production of food from factory farming does not justify the negative affects and threat to the environment, to the health and security of animals, nor the violation of workers’ rights.