1. a) Describe the prenatal development of the sex organs (what happens for males? For females?), including what triggers the differentiation to begin. b) Choose one example of a syndrome where development of the sex organs does not progress in the typical fashion, and describe why the discrepancy between genotype and phenotype occurs. c) For individuals with that syndrome, is there reason to believe that their brains (and as a consequence, their behavior) may have undergone atypical sexual differentiation? (worth 25 points) pg. 328 a) The prenatal development of the sex organs of males and females begins with genes. Males have XY chromosomes while females have XX chromosomes. Throughout an early stage of prenatal development, both the male and the female have a group of Müllerian ducts as well as a group of Wolffian ducts, and gonads that are not distinguishable yet. Wolffian ducts are what come before other male reproductive organs which then become the vas deferens and seminal vesicles. Müllerian ducts are what come before the female internal structure that then develops into the oviducts, uterus, and upper vagina. The SRY gene is included in the male Y chromosome, which triggers the developing gonads to grow into testes, and these are the organs that make the sperm. The testes are developing and make androgens that will increase the growth of testes. Testes also make Müllerian inhibiting hormone (MIH) by around 12 weeks. This causes the penis and scrotum to develop as a result of the deterioration of the Müllerian ducts. Females on the other hand, do not have the SRY gene so the Wolffian ducts break down and then their gonads become ovaries, the organs that produce the egg. The testes of males produce more hormones of androgens, which are greater in amounts in males than estrogens which are hormones more abundant in females. b) One example of a syndrome where the development of the sex organs does not progress in the typical fashion is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which is when the adrenal gland from birth becomes overdeveloped. This is the most common cause of the intersex condition. This condition is caused by a genetic defect in which cortisol production leads to overstimulation of the adrenal gland. A hormone from the adrenal gland, cortisol, feeds back to reduce the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). More ACTH is being produced since the pituitary gland does not succeed in getting much cortisol as a feedback indicator.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the prenatal development of the sex organs, and the discrepancy between genotype and phenotype.
- Explains that the prenatal development of the sex organs of males and females begins with genes.
- Explains that congenital adrenal hyperplasia (cah) is caused by a genetic defect in which cortisol production leads to overstimulation of the adrenal gland.
- Explains the prenatal development of the sex organs, and the discrepancy between genotype and phenotype.
- Explains that the prenatal development of the sex organs of males and females begins with genes.
- Explains that congenital adrenal hyperplasia (cah) is caused by a genetic defect in which cortisol production leads to overstimulation of the adrenal gland.
- Explains that research observing the genetics of human sexual orientation started with advertising in gay or lesbian publications for homosexual twins.
- Explains the effects of sleep deprivation on logical deduction, critical thinking, physical strength, and motor performance. sleep is important for enhancing memory.
- Explains tricyclic antidepressants (tcas) and their symptomatic, causes, and treatment.
- Cites fischman, j. (2011, june 12). the chronicle of higher education. retrieved december 9, 2013.
- Argues that cah girls may have undergone atypical sexual differentiation because their brains are subjected to higher than average levels of testosterone during prenatal and early postnatal life.
- Explains the role of the primary motor cortex, posterior parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex in the control of movement.
- Explains that people with depression may have sleep problems, like healthy people who travel west, and bipolar disorder tend to stay in bed for a lot of hours during their depressed phase.
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- biopsychologyexplanatory essayThe effects of biopsychology are being slowly felt throughout the world, but now we wonder, to what extent can we manipulate our brain. Advancements in this branch of psychology can be used for many practical applications including the reintegration of both addicts and prisoners into society and the eradication of mental illnesses. With the 600,000 to 700,000 inmates being released annually across the United States we wonder whether or not their reintegration to society can be sped up in order to prevent them from doing more crimes. Bio psychological research can create a pill or a chip that can be administered to offenders in order to stop them from committing more crimes. The pill can control their reasoning part of the brain to prevent them from evil. We can also utilize a type of pill to eradicate mental disorders such as Alzheimer, anorexia nervosa, depression, bipolarity and much more. Where the pill can eventually get to cure this mental disorders through the manipulation of our brains and changing way we interact with our environment.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that advances in biopsychology can be used for many practical applications, such as reintegration of addicts and prisoners into society and eradication of mental illnesses.
- Opines that controlling the brain would have philosophical implications in today's modern world. they question whether manipulating our brain will lead to the destruction of a unique world
- Explains that the discoveries of the circulatory system and the heart made by william harvey brought up philosophical implications concerning the role god plays in the world.
- Explains that advances in biopsychology can be used for many practical applications, such as reintegration of addicts and prisoners into society and eradication of mental illnesses.
- Opines that controlling the brain would have philosophical implications in today's modern world. they question whether manipulating our brain will lead to the destruction of a unique world
- Explains that the discoveries of the circulatory system and the heart made by william harvey brought up philosophical implications concerning the role god plays in the world.
527 wordsRead More - Pituitary Gland Essayexplanatory essayin the ovaries in women and in the testes in men, as well as intervening in fertility, Growth
In this essay, the author
- Explains that ovaries in women and testes in men, as well as intervening in fertility, affect fertility.
- Explains that the pituitary gland plays an important and pivotal role in the functioning of other glands.
- Explains that blood causes great tissue death in the pituitary gland, and when all the hormones released by the gland are released.
- Explains that ovaries in women and testes in men, as well as intervening in fertility, affect fertility.
- Explains that the pituitary gland plays an important and pivotal role in the functioning of other glands.
- Explains that blood causes great tissue death in the pituitary gland, and when all the hormones released by the gland are released.
- Explains each target organ activity or secretion on the thyroid, adrenal, or gonads glands.
- Explains that there appears to be a predictable loss of hormonal function with increasing damage.
- Describes the possible causes of diabetes insipidus and adrenal dysfunction.
- Explains that the number of people affected by the disorder in question may vary greatly depending upon the severity.
- Recommends surgical removal of the tumor and/or radiation if hypopituitarism is caused by a lesion or tumor.
- Explains that diabetes type 1 or type 2 are associated with insulin resistance.
- Explains that dehydrated and prone to drink more fluids, since they likely would get thirsty more often.
- Opines that urine excretions will exhibit low salt and low waste concentrations in the urine. blood tests would also be performed.
- Explains that a tumor is determined to be the culprit to di, and urination observed in di sufferers.
- Explains that at least one in five people may develop tumors, although they are mostly benign.
- Describes the pituitary tumor incidence rates when collecting data for cancer registry.
- Explains that the pituitary gland is a tiny organ located at the base of the brain.
- Opines that this would have a direct effect on the pituitary gland functioning as it would prompt an escalated variety of disorders along the gland’s network of action in and out the endocrine.
- Explains that damage to the hypothalamus may cause abrupt disruptions in the functioning of the pituitary gland.
- Explains that hypopituitarism is a clinical definition used to describe when one or more functions of the gland are deficient, and may refer to either or both anterior and posterior functional failure.
- Describes the rare deficiency of prolactin in women, which causes nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and weakness.
- Explains that blood and urine tests must be performed in order to determine which hormone deficiency may be taking place. multiple resonance images (mri) tests and/or ct scans may also be prescribed.
- Explains that homeopathic gh or igf has been proven to provide some benefits. the disorder is not preventable.
- Opines that some minor side-effects of the drug therapy may develop in some patients. diabetes insipidus (di) is another very common pituitary disorder.
- Explains that diabetes insipidus is caused by pituitary damage or tumor in the gland, but if the production is sufficient, the condition is referred to neurogenic diabetes.
- Explains that excess water to the bloodstream makes less amount of urine excretions or higher urine solute concentration in it. a too low adh secretion causes an imbalance in the system, which disrupts the kidneys’ ability to handle the excess fluid.
- Describes the symptoms of bedwetting in children, including fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and frequent urination.
- Explains that a series of tests should be performed first to rule out traditional diabetes and determine the cause of the condition is di instead.
- Explains that a kidney depravation test can help determine whether di is caused by pituitary defect/lesion or simply by kidney malfunction.
- Opines that patients should drink water or fluids only when thirsty, because the drug prevents them from drinking water.
- Explains that pituitary tumors were not included in the statistics collected by state cancer registries and the national cancer institute.
- Explains that the pituitary gland is one of the most vital components in the endocrine system, and its intricate far reach within its network goes beyond.
- Opines that it is imperative to continue to research for the unknown cause of development of such tumors to attain a much deeper understanding on the steps leading to such formations.
1831 wordsRead More - An Investigation About Testicular Cancerexplanatory essayUsually the cells within the testicle grow in a control manner but occasionally they grow in an abnormal way causing the testicles to change shape and size.
In this essay, the author
- Describes the investigation into testicular cancer, treatment options, and how to run a successful campaign.
- Explains that germ cell testicular cancer is the most common type in men. it is responsible for 95% of all incidents in the uk.
- Explains that non-seminomas are responsible for 40% of all reported cases, while seminomas are guilty of 60%.
- Describes the investigation into testicular cancer, treatment options, and how to run a successful campaign.
- Explains that germ cell testicular cancer is the most common type in men. it is responsible for 95% of all incidents in the uk.
- Explains that non-seminomas are responsible for 40% of all reported cases, while seminomas are guilty of 60%.
- Explains that in the uk men are less likely to approach a healthcare professional than women. social backgrounds or ethnic background can also influence health promotion planning.
- Explains that the campaign is called one for the boys and targets young to older men. they often travel around the country talking to men after tv programs like football matches or sports where men are more likely to be watching the tv.
- Explains that the campaign will be run on a football stadium screen at half-time and before kick-off.
- Aims to inform males about testicular cancer and encourage them to talk freely about it.
- Explains that they chose testicular cancer because it's a condition that many men don't know about or have known they might have because they've not been educated about it in their lives.
- Aims to get people to fill out questionnaires at the end of the football game with a series of different questions. they will interview people on how they thought about the advert on testicular cancer.
- Explains that testicle cells grow in a controlled manner, but abnormally, causing the testicles to change shape and size. the pituitary gland manufactures testosterone, which is vital in the male anatomy.
- Explains their planned evaluation of the event which includes reference to the principle of good practice. they would use primary research to determine if their campaign was successful.
637 wordsRead More - Group 2 Summaryargumentative essayThe evolution of sex can be described by numerous competing hypotheses, each with their own feasible suggestions along with their shortcomings. Of the hypotheses presented for the evolution of sex, all fall under two separate but connected themes; the origin and the maintenance. Nevertheless, the hypotheses entailed in the former are challenging to test empirically, thus majority of the most recent studies has been focused on the latter; the maintenance of sexual reproduction. What our group attempted to achieve was the presentation of all of these hypotheses with their explanation as well as their limitations, while trying to lead the class into bigger underlying questions such as why sex evolved, did it evolve more than once, why is it so commonplace, did sex precede multicellularity, and whether or not sexual reproduction slow down or speed up evolution.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the evolution of sex can be described by competing hypotheses, each with their own feasible suggestions and their shortcomings.
- Explains that sarah otto clarified on the conditions that led to the profusion of sex in her article.
- Explains that asexual reproduction is faster and more efficient means of passing on one’s genes to the next generation, through binary fission, budding, or parthenogenesis.
- Explains that the evolution of sex can be described by competing hypotheses, each with their own feasible suggestions and their shortcomings.
- Explains that sarah otto clarified on the conditions that led to the profusion of sex in her article.
- Explains that asexual reproduction is faster and more efficient means of passing on one’s genes to the next generation, through binary fission, budding, or parthenogenesis.
- Explains the red queen hypothesis, which states that in order for an organism to maintain a status quo, they have to constantly change and adapt.
- Compares the spread of advantageous traits through sexual reproduction and the red queen hypothesis — organisms that coevolve are able to maintain their relationship and survive.
- Explains the muller's ratchet hypothesis, which compares the ability of asexual and sexual populations in removing deleterious mutations.
- Analyzes how the dancing through the generations games reflected the real-life world, with dr. frohlich presenting his credit cards to the females instead of dancing.
- Explains that they decided to do short quizzes addressing the main ideas from the first day of lecture so that there was still an interactive aspect.
- Argues that bacterial transformation proteins might be linked to meiosis, since sexual reproduction arose early in eukaryotic evolution. rec a protein mediates homologous recombination and serves as vital role in dna repair.
- Explains the multiplicity reactivation hypothesis, also referred to as the regeneration phenomenon, that the origin of sexual reproduction in rna was based on an influenza virus and a reovirus.
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- Explains the viral eukaryogenesis hypothesis, which suggests that meiosis instigated from the combination of two cells that were infected with similar but distinct viruses.
- Explains how they ended their last day of lecture with a game and discussion. to make the game more realistic and representative of real life, they incorporated mutations and immigration into our population after several disasters.
- Concludes that sexual reproduction is beneficial and more efficient than asexual reproduction but only in instances where the environment is changing.
1850 wordsRead More - Wicked, by Gregory Maguireanalytical essaySex is the biological composition of either a male or female. For example, females have XX chromosomes in their DNA; their reproduction system consists of an egg and a vagina, and they also have functional breasts. Males, on the other hand, have XY chromosomes in their DNA; their reproductive system consists of sperm, testes, and a penis. Gender is the array of characteristics that distinguish a male from female and according to their attributes. However, there are some people whose sexual organs are imperfect, according to the roles of gender and sex, an example are hermaphrodites, because they have both a male and female’s sexual organs. Hermaphrodites tend to stay in the middle, grayish area between a male and a female. Society uses binaries to classify a male as men, with masculine traits, and a female as women who have feminine traits. Masculine traits are the roughness, muscles, broad shoulders, and deep voice men, or women, can possess. On the other hand, feminine traits include the long hair, soft skin, angelic glow and soft voice that either a women or men can own.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how ozian society mistreats and isolates elphaba, the main character, because of her eccentricity and masculinity traits.
- Analyzes how maguire uses wicked to express some of the flaws that currently western society uses classify and distinguish a male and female.
- Explains that american society uses binaries to subjugate people into standard categories like gender and sex. sex is the biological composition of either a male or female.
- Analyzes how ozian society mistreats and isolates elphaba, the main character, because of her eccentricity and masculinity traits.
- Analyzes how maguire uses wicked to express some of the flaws that currently western society uses classify and distinguish a male and female.
- Explains that american society uses binaries to subjugate people into standard categories like gender and sex. sex is the biological composition of either a male or female.
- Explains halberstam, judith, maguire, gregory, and ray, robert b. thematic paradigm.
1168 wordsRead More - Hermaphrodite Essayopinion essayThe periodical “GENDER X the Battle Over Boy or Girl,” A police officer, Aaron Thompson (not his real name) cuts the umbilical cord between his wife and his first born child. His daughter had endocrine disorder congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Which limits hormone production in the adrenal glands. She had both male and female genitalia. Aaron Thompson had no idea there was such
In this essay, the author
- Explains that hermaphrodites are people born with both male and female sex organs or other sexual characteristics. aaron thompson cut the umbilical cord between his wife and his first born child.
- Analyzes how the article is credible because it shares personal experiences from parents who have kids as hermaphrodites, such as aaron thompson’s story about his first born being born with both male and female genitalia.
- Explains that the article was written for a general audience. the personal stories and the parents' feelings helped them understand the disease better.
- Explains that hermaphrodites are people born with both male and female sex organs or other sexual characteristics. aaron thompson cut the umbilical cord between his wife and his first born child.
- Analyzes how the article is credible because it shares personal experiences from parents who have kids as hermaphrodites, such as aaron thompson’s story about his first born being born with both male and female genitalia.
- Explains that the article was written for a general audience. the personal stories and the parents' feelings helped them understand the disease better.
- Opines that the article was in depth, carefully worked out and detailed. before reading this article, they had little understanding of a hermaphrodite.
- Explains that adults are now suffering from bad surgical outcomes. the surgical technique that pulls the clitoris udder the pubic bone is now known to cause painful orgasms.
- Opines that the stanford dsd team discussed better decisions about genital surgery and helping families who have been misinformed or lied to.
- Opines that the article was interesting to them and that they have a better understanding of how parents view the situation of having hermaphrodites. they would not suggest anything being added or changed to this periodical.
612 wordsRead More - Hypogonadism In Malesexplanatory essayHypogonadism in males is due to the inability of the body to produce a sufficient amount of testosterone. This disease can be hereditary or can manifest after injury or infection. There are two classes of hypogonadism: primary and secondary. Primary hypogonadism is caused by a problem in the testes, while secondary hypogonadism is caused by problems in the pituitary gland or the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is responsible for secreting gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Luteinizing hormone then stimulates the tests to produce testosterone, which is important in masculine growth and secondary sexual characteristics. There are
In this essay, the author
- Explains that hypogonadism in males is due to the inability of the body to produce sufficient amount of testosterone.
- Explains that hypogonadism in males is due to the inability of the body to produce sufficient amount of testosterone.
270 wordsRead More - An Overview of Polycystic Ovary Syndromeexplanatory essayCarol Proth explains the development of the high androgens levels by the “increased release of LH [leutenizing hormone] in relation to FSH [follicle stimulating hormone] release, with a resu...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos) is a disease of the female reproductive system, involving the development of multiple cysts covering the ovaries.
- Explains that the etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome is unknown. genetics, abnormal fetal development, excessive insulin production, and certain foods can cause low-grade inflammation.
- Explains the development of high androgens levels by the increased release of lh in relation to fsh release, leading to amenorrhea and cyst formation on the ovaries.
- Explains that polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos) is a disease of the female reproductive system, involving the development of multiple cysts covering the ovaries.
- Explains that the etiology of polycystic ovary syndrome is unknown. genetics, abnormal fetal development, excessive insulin production, and certain foods can cause low-grade inflammation.
- Explains the development of high androgens levels by the increased release of lh in relation to fsh release, leading to amenorrhea and cyst formation on the ovaries.
- Explains the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome, including missed or irregular periods, heavy menstruation, multiple, small cysts on the ovaries, high insulin and androgen levels, unexplainable weight gain/obesity, male-pattern baldness or thinning of the hair.
- Explains that there is no cure for polycystic ovary syndrome, but there are treatments that can be used to help prevent further complications.
- Explains that ovarian drilling is a multi-step process. the doctor creates small cut above or below the navel and inserts telescope into the abdomen.
- Explains that polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos)fact sheet is available at womenshealth.gov. porth, c. m. (2011). disorders of the female genitourinary system.
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In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the study of hormones reaffirmed culturally constructed notions of the innate differences between males and females.
- Analyzes how the early 1900s were a time of social and political upheaval regarding developing thought on feminism and equal rights. the language used to define the characteristics of hormones reflects the thought process of the times.
- Argues that the idea of hormones linked to sex needs to be reconceptualized but is engrained in the ideas of gender.
- Analyzes how the study of hormones reaffirmed culturally constructed notions of the innate differences between males and females.
- Analyzes how the early 1900s were a time of social and political upheaval regarding developing thought on feminism and equal rights. the language used to define the characteristics of hormones reflects the thought process of the times.
- Argues that the idea of hormones linked to sex needs to be reconceptualized but is engrained in the ideas of gender.
- Analyzes how the studies of hormones sought to create a biologically deterministic solution in which the chemical make up of our bodies could explain the social situations of the culture.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains that the endocrine system is made up of glands that are in various parts of the body. they regulate body fluids, electrolytes, glucose, cell metabolism, growth, and the wake-sleep cycle.
- Explains that the anterior pituitary gland produces and secretes seven different hormones, including follicle-stimulating, luteinizing, and prolactin.
- Explains that the pancreas gland secretes three hormones from groups of cells known as the islets of langerhans.
- Explains that the endocrine system is made up of glands that are in various parts of the body. they regulate body fluids, electrolytes, glucose, cell metabolism, growth, and the wake-sleep cycle.
- Explains that the anterior pituitary gland produces and secretes seven different hormones, including follicle-stimulating, luteinizing, and prolactin.
- Explains that the pancreas gland secretes three hormones from groups of cells known as the islets of langerhans.
- Explains that the endocrine system has many functions that continue on into other body systems, but you don't realize how many little parts it takes to make our bodies function properly.
541 wordsRead More - Sex Linked Behaviorcomparative essayThere are many hormones that go into the development and outcome of sexually dimorphic behavior. Females produce the androgens that include estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. With the lack of any of these, we will see interrupted function or a
In this essay, the author
- Describes the factors that play a part in sex-linked behaviors in modern society.
- Explains that sexual dimorphism is the differences between males and females within a species besides their sex organs, usually behavior or neural function. behavioral differences are the most prominent during mating.
- Explains that there are many hormones that go into the development and outcome of sexually dimorphic behavior, including estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. males require testosterone and aromatase to convert testosterone to estrogen.
- Describes the factors that play a part in sex-linked behaviors in modern society.
- Explains that sexual dimorphism is the differences between males and females within a species besides their sex organs, usually behavior or neural function. behavioral differences are the most prominent during mating.
- Explains that there are many hormones that go into the development and outcome of sexually dimorphic behavior, including estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. males require testosterone and aromatase to convert testosterone to estrogen.
- Explains that the brain instigates almost all sex-specific activities, starting with the development of the limbic system, which guides instinct and mood.
- Concludes that there is still much to discover about how brain function affects sexually dimorphic behavior.
- Explains that without hormone reception, there is a major influence on brain development and sex-specific behavior.
- Explains that hormones are the key players in sexually dimorphic behavior, but the true control lies in our genes. the sry gene initiates male sex organ development in an embryo that is initially female.
- Explains that sexually dimorphic behavior stems from our genetic makeup, which designs the way the whole body is expressed. our genes control which sex organs we develop and produce hormones controlled by proteins encrypted in our dna.
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