Basement construction
Types of Basements
The type of basement I have chosen for this design is an in ground basement because I think it is best suited and will create so much room underneath the building. The ground that the two storey basement building is located on is water logged so the foundations will have to be able to take the whole weight of the building without any future movement from the soil, so I have decided to use secant piles because I think they are the most suitable for this type of ground because they will proved excellent waterproofing and won’t move.
Secant piles
Secant piles are made by joining multiple reinforced concrete piles. The concrete piles are reinforced by placing steel beams inside the concrete piles.
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The full open cut method involves you digging out the whole area of the basement and digging out slanted walls and installing a retaining wall the whole way around and wider than the basement will be and then you have to backfill in the slope up against the retaining wall so that you don’t have any area wasted and it lets you slope the ground so that any water that falls runs away from the building and not into …show more content…
Precast concrete walls are installed by using a crane to move them into place and then they are easily jointed together using a foam plastic cord then you seal the inside walls using mastic compound. For the corner you can have special ones made so you don’t have to get two pieces perfectly inline.
Suspended floor
I have decided to use suspended timber floors because I think it is most suitable for our flood logged soils because it keeps the floor away from the water which can could cause the floor to crack and cause leaking but with a suspended floor it can’t happen unless there is lots of flood because of the waterproofing measures we have done. Suspended timber floors are very easily constructed and if you make a mistake it is easily fixable which is very handy. When building suspended timber floors it allows you to pick the best and most efficient places to put in your heating mechanism and because there are timber instead of a concrete slab it is better looking and gives off a warmer feel. Suspended timber floors are the best means of keeping your cost down because they are the most cost effective type of flooring you can
The Non-Traditional structure that I chose to design is a log home. When doing research on styles of construction I was a little overwhelmed with the options that are available for construction methods. The first thing I needed to find out is what type of footing and foundation is needed to support the immense weight of the logs. An 8"x16" footing and 8" foundation is sufficient enough to support the weight of a log home. There are three different options available for supporting the floor joist in a log home. The first is setting the joist directly on top of the mud sill plate. Rim joist or ribbon joist is required at the ends of the joist to cover the ends of the joist. The second option is making a 4" deep notch every 16" or 19.2" (depending on joist span and loading) in the 8" foundation to place the joist into. The depth of the notch depends on joist depth but the notch should be deep enough for the top of the joist to match the top of the mudsill. This style doesn't require rim board because the ends of the joist are already covered up. The third option is to hang the joist from the mudsill using top flange joist hangers. This option also doesn't require rim board because the ends of the joists are already covered up. Typical ¾" tongue and groove sub flooring is fastened on top of the joist.
The largest concern I would have would be the effect on other systems in the house. Structurally the whole house would have to be detailed on the plans (EX. Stud placement, second floor and roof placement on the supporting walls). The electrical, entertainment, and communication system would have to be in conduit and would cost considerably more. The HVAC system would also have similar problems because of the conduit runs cut in all the studs a stud cavity could not be used as a vent run without addition ducting in the wall that would not be necessary in wood framing.
Skyscrapers are amazing! Architectural defeats. Wonders of the world. How are they able to withstand even the strongest of winds and earthquakes?
In the UK, Timber frame construction is based on factory made structural elements. The timber framed wall panels take the loads on the building to the foundations whilst the outer cladding provides embellishment and weather protection. Now depending on what cladding is to be used is totally up to the client/builder/architect as it is a matter of choice; it can be brick, stone or lightweight claddings, such as timber boarding, tile hanging or render.
Building codes are rules for the contractors, architects, and for the owner. Basically the codes are for to protect public safety, health, and welfare in construction and buildings. The building is a law that is amendments to the builders. With out the building codes we won’t be protected in buildings. Here are some of the buildings codes.
The 1.78 mile western span of the bridge between San Francisco and Yerba Buena Island presented the first obstacle. The bay was up to 100 feet deep in some places and required a new foundation-laying technique. Engineers developed a type of foundation called a pneumatic caisson to support the western section. A series of concrete cylinders were grouped together and then capped-off, having the air pressure of each cylinder identical to balance the beginning of the structure. From there, the workers added sets of new cylinders until the caisson reached the bottom of the bay. Then, in order to reach the bedrock, they inserted long drills down the cylinders, digging until they reached bedrock. After the caisson was balanced at the bottom of the bay, workers filled it with 1 million cubic yards of concrete, more concrete than was used for the construction of the Empire State Building! This caisson connected the two suspension bridges that make up the western part of the bridge.
Concrete is used from the ground up in the construction of buildings. Foundations are made using concrete, and every from that point up can also employ concrete. As a result, the specifications of this concrete must be more stringent than the concrete used to support the aforementioned fence post, and with increased specifications comes more specialized installation practices. While Quikrete can be mixed and forgotten about, much of the work done for buildings requires much more careful monitoring over an extended period of time. In addition, sometimes even concrete is not strong enough on its own. As a result, sometimes concrete must be installed with a particular gauge of rebar installed in various spots in order to reinforce the concrete. These specifications are very specific, and it is an exact science. A contractor must be aware of these things ahead of time, and must be sure that they have the personnel and the training necessary to adequately install this
Concrete also has its advantages. Concrete does not corrode, therefore concrete structures require less maintenance. Besides that, concrete has resistance to fire, therefore it is safer compare to the timber structure. Concrete has also resistance to cyclic loading.
In building construction and in fire prevention there are organizations that have created a useful system on how to determine what type of building falls under which category. The ICC (International Code Council) and the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) create these building codes for the safety of firefighters. The two most commonly known standards for building classifications are the NFPA 5000 and also the International Building Code (IBC). The two are very similar, however, they different on sub-categorizing. The International Building Code uses Roman numerals behind the type of construction. In addition to subcategories with letters for each five classes and the amount of fire resistance provided for each building. NFPA uses Roman numerals behind the type of construction. Unlike the IBC, NFPA uses a 3-digit number system behind that to sub categorize the fire hourly rating for the load-bearing walls, for the beams and columns, and for the floor construction. The IBC and NFPA breaks down construction in to five classes, Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV, and Type V.
From the reading, discuss the development of both concrete and the arch. Include the importance of each in the life of Rome and the results of their use.
The usage of concrete was explored by the Early Christian and Roman architects but fell out of use throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance period. The material was only fully explored again in the later half of the 19th century but only for mundane purposes where the material was cheap, easy to work with, and versatile, but most importantly it’s fireproof characteristic. In 1870, the idea of reinforcing the concrete was born; steel rods were to be inserted to increase its strength. Taking this principle, Ernest Ransome (America) and Francois Hennebique (France) both developed frame systems. From this, open plan workspaces with large windows were created and it was proved to be well accommodated where fire had previously been a danger. Hennebique’s system used slim vertical posts, thin parallel beams on brackets and floor slabs; this resulted somewhat like a timber frame. Concrete was one of the most flexible materials and one with a least determining form. Concrete relied on its mould and the intelligence of its designer to give it aesthetic qualities for one to appreciate it. This became much more obvious when the architects of the last 19th century attempted to discover a style based on this material.
The first thing in building a house is selecting a lot and lot preparation. The land has to be cleared of trees and brush and graded to ensure a level building area. This process is usually called excavating and grading. This is usually a very fast process but can be costly depending on the job.
Earthquakes are vibrations felt at the surface of the earth which are caused by disturbances of the energy in the earth's interior. These vibrations are known as seismic waves. (Skinner Robinson McVerry 1) There are different type sof seisimc waves such as Primary (P) waves, whcih travel the fastest, Secondary (S) waves which cause the earth to vibrate vertically, Surface (L) waves. P and S waves are "affected by changes in the density and the rigidity of the materials through which they pass." (Columbia Encyclopedia) Earthquakes vary in their intensity and duration. Often times they are strong enough to cause massive destriction. Tall buildings often suffer as a result of these natural disasters. In recent years this has become a larger and larger threat with both the number of large buildings, and their number of occupants increasing. In an effort to try to minimize the damage caused by earthquakes many some engineers focus primarily on designing and constructing earthquake resistant buildings. Earthquake engineers have gathered much of their information from analyzing past earthquakes, and learning which buildings can and can't withstand the tremors. The goals of these engineers is to design buildings that can withstand moderate earthquakes and obtain minimal damage, and that the buildings will not collapse lowering the probability of human deaths.
In this chapter, the structural plan is taken and it is designed in the sap2000 software by taking the center line diagram and firstly a basic ground level is designed and then the required no of levels is placed according to their different levels of height. The analysis is being checked by firstly placing the beams and coloums to be placed correctly at their position and checked for safety i.e., the slab does not fail and
Ryjevski M. 2008. Design and Construction underground structures and tunnels on Jumeirah palm island. Pg 1091 – 1097.