Fundamentals of Building Construction: The Concrete
explanatory Essay
1653 words
What is concrete?
Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass.
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction material in the world. The reason for this is because concrete is strong, easy to make and can be molded into various shapes and sizes. Besides that, concrete is cheap, affordable and is readily mix.
Concrete also has its advantages. Concrete does not corrode, therefore concrete structures require less maintenance. Besides that, concrete has resistance to fire, therefore it is safer compare to the timber structure. Concrete has also resistance to cyclic loading.
Introduction
In this report, we will introduce and illustrate on precast concrete, pre-stressed concrete, ready-mix concrete, reinforced concrete, terrazzo and Urbanite in details.
In this introduction, we will briefly introduce the sub-topic or types of concrete.
Reinforced concrete is stronger than basic concrete. Steel reinforcing bars known as rebar is incorporated in the concrete structure to act together in resisting the force. The steel reinforcing bars absorbs tensile and compression because plain conc...
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...sed concrete: a fundamental approach / Edward G. Nawy. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education, 2012.
4) Marotta, T. W. (2011). Basic construction materials / Theodore W. Marotta ... [et al.]. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2011.
5) Bhatt, P. P. (n.d). Prestressed concrete design to Eurocodes / Prabhakara Bhatt. London; New York: Spon Press, 2011.
6) Jester, Thomas C. Twentieth-century Building Materials: History and Conservation. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.
7) Fanella, D. (2011). Reinforced concrete structures: analysis and design / David A. Fanella. New York: McGraw-Hill, c2011.
8) Levitt, M. M. (2008). Precast concrete: materials, manufacture, properties and usage / M. Levitt. London: Taylor & Francis, 2008.
9) Bachmann, H., & Steinle, A. (2011). Precast concrete structures / Hubert Bachmann, Alfred Steinle. Berlin: Ernst & Sohn, c2011.
10)
In this essay, the author
- Introduces and illustrates precast, pre-stressed, ready-mix, reinforced, terrazzo, and urbanite in this report.
- Explains reinforced concrete is a type of concrete in which metal bars or wire is embedded to increase its tensile strength.
- Explains that mixing, casting, and curing affect the final strength of concrete.
- Explains that fibre is added to reinforced concrete to improve the characteristic of construction materials.
- Explains pre-stressed concrete is a form of reinforced concrete that builds in compressive stresses during construction to oppose those found when in use.
- Explains that the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed, and the tension force is released after it hardens. this method produces a strong bonding between the joints, protecting the tendon from rusting.
- Explains post-tensioning is a method of strengthening concrete or other materials with high-strength steel strands (tendons).
- Describes bridges, slabs in buildings, water tank, concrete pile, thin shell structure, offshore platform, nuclear power plant, repair and rehabilitations.
- Explains that concrete is made up in industrial plants that contain storage facilities and equipment designed for the purpose of blending the raw material in desired proportion. the quality of concrete can be maintained only if the foundation is carefully administered.
- Opines that special placing and formwork arrangements are required due to the large quantity of concrete available in short pan.
- Explains the speed of construction can be very fast if rmc is used.
- Explains precast concrete is a type of construction material which is cast and cured in factories, then transported to the construction site.
- Explains residential (floors), infrastructure, prisons, medium and high rise buildings, hospitals, and commercial and industrial buildings.
- Explains that precast concrete frames, walls, and floors are widely used in the building system.
- Explains that precast concrete frame saves lots of time, not affected by weather or labour shortages, and improves build ability. it produces a high standard of workmanship in factory conditions.
- Explains the advantages of precast walls, such as speed of construction, smooth surface finishing, acoustic insulation, and fire resistance.
- Explains that precast floors can be classified according to their manufacture into totally and partially pre cast floors. the units are totally cast at the plant and the longitudinal joints are grouted.
- Explains that it does not require an extensive footing like a real masonry wall and can be reset should it ever shift.
- Explains that maintenance-free fences are maintenance free (no need to paint or periodically replace slats).
- Describes bricks and blocks, floor and roofing elements, facade and wall elements and columns, infrastructure products.
- Explains allen, e., iano, j. fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. 5th edition.
- Explains nawy, e. g., prestressed concrete: a fundamental approach. upper saddle river, n.j.
- Explains marotta, theodore w., basic construction materials, upper saddle river, n.j.
- Narrates prabhakara bhatt's prestressed concrete design to eurocodes. london; new york: spon press, 2011.
- Explains that david a. fanella's reinforced concrete structures: analysis and design. new york: mcgraw-hill.
- Describes levitt's precast concrete: materials, manufacture, properties and usage.
- States that bachmann, h., & steinle, a. (2011). precast concrete structures.
- Explains that concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. concrete is strong, easy to make and can be molded into various shapes and sizes.
- Explains that reinforced concrete is stronger than basic concrete. steel reinforcing bars are incorporated in the concrete structure to resist tensile and compression.
- Explains that ready mixed concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, water and aggregate. too much water may cause the concrete weak or unworkable.
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- The Benefits Of Concreteexplanatory essayThroughout the construction industry, technology plays a role to help ease the completion of a project to all of the parties involved. The amount of technology application in the industry supports the belief that technology has a positive impact on project productivity. One of the main materials used in the construction industry that surrounds us every day, in which we overlook, is concrete. Concrete is an art form, in which it takes time and talent in order for it to be used efficiently, to produce its high strength and longevity. However, the downfall of this material is that it is extremely costly and nearly impossible to form it to an aesthetically pleasing surface. In spite of this, what if I told you that there is hope? That the dream of a material made of concrete, producing the same qualities, can be formed to any shape, and used anywhere was a reality.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that technology has a positive impact on project productivity in the construction industry. concrete is an art form that takes time and talent to produce its high strength and longevity.
- Describes how concrete canvas was designed by british engineers in the early 2000s as part of a design competition hosted by the british cement association.
- Explains that cc is flexible cement saturated fabric that solidifies when hydrated to form a thin, durable, water and fire proof concrete layer. it has good wrap characteristics, allowing it to take up the shape of complex surfaces.
- Explains that cc is still a fabric before hydration and can be cut or tailored using basic hand tools, eliminating changes in formwork design, which is extremely costly and time-consuming.
- Explains that concrete cloth is a cinch to use. it is workable for approximately two hours, and according to manufacturer’s specifications, hardens to eighty percent strength within twenty-four hours.
- Explains that concrete canvas is a simple design which allows for minimal error. the concrete is premixed and cannot be over hydrated, which could delay and ruin an entire project using standard concrete.
- Explains that the cloth is strong, waterproof, and highly resistant to chemicals. the pvc backing on one surface ensures that it is completely water proof and chemically resistant.
- Explains that concrete canvas uses about ten percent of the mass of alternatives, so you are emitting less carbon dioxide and saving on transport emissions. it is not classified as an irritant and is less damaging to the environment.
- Explains the different types of concrete canvas available on the market, including batched, portable rolls, and bulk rolls.
- Explains that cc8 is slightly thicker and weighs about 2.46 pounds per square foot, but doesn't cover as much area in each roll. the british army bought the first batch of concrete canvas.
- Explains that cc13 is the largest of the three types with a thickness of one-half inch and weighing about four pounds per square foot of coverage.
- Explains how the installation of concrete canvas is very similar for each type. the canvas can be fastened with nails, screws, stakes, hog rings, or burying the edges with soil or an aggregate.
- Explains that concrete canvas shelters are rapidly deployable hardened shelters that require only water and air for construction. ccss provide better environmental protection and increased security.
- Explains how ccss are installed using a fan and garden hose. the first step is to unfold the package in the desired location, then turn on the fan, and inflate the shelter.
- Opines that concrete canvas is a relatively new technology that could change the construction industry completely with more research and development.
1816 wordsRead More - Types Of Concreteexplanatory essayWhat is Concrete? Concrete is a composite building material consist of aggregate bonded together with a fluidic cement which gets harden over time. Most use of the term "concrete" refers to Portland cement concrete or to concretes made with other hydraulic cements, such as ciment fondu. However, road surfaces are also a type of concrete, known as "asphaltic concrete", where the cement material is bitumen.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that concrete is a composite building material consisting of aggregate bonded together with fluidic cement which gets harden over time.
- Explains siliceous (sandstone, flint, gravel) carbonates (lime stone, igneous rocks, crushed bricks, blast furnace slag, dolomite).
- Explains that structural concrete is used to construct structural members such as reinforced cement concrete (rcc) and pre-stressed concrete.
- Explains that plain cement concrete (pcc) is used as a protection material to structural steel against fire.
- Explains that thermal expansion is the characteristics of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in relation to a temperature change, through heat transfer.
- Explains that when the temperature rises, the thermal expansion of concrete increases.
- Explains that if there is an increase in temperature, the thermal conductivity of concrete decreases, but the change is not reversible.
- Explains that light weight concrete, especially with crushed brick and blast furnace slag, has low thermal conductivity.
- Explains that such concrete stands up better to fire than ordinary concrete.
- Explains that use of dolomite gravel leads to a very good fire resistant concrete due to the fact that the calcinations of dolomiite are endothermic and as such, heat is absorbed and further temperature rise is delayed.
- Defines thermal capacity as the heat required to raise the temperature of whole mass of a substance through 1c.
- Defines specific heat as the heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of the substance through 1c.
- Explains that specific heat is represented by the symbol c and its unit is calorie (cal).
- Explains that the thermal capacity or specific heat increases slowly with increase in temperature. the type of aggregate has only a small influence on this factor.
- Explains that thermal diffusivity can be obtained by dividing the thermal conductivity by the volumetric thermal capacity.
- Explains that the measurement of diffusivity involves determining the relation between time and the temperature differential between the interior and surface of a specimen.
- Explains the basic approach used to determine the integrity of structural elements in a fire resistance test.
- Explains that if materials have high thermal conductivity, the temperature of the structural element will rise faster.
- Explains that if the thermal capacity of the materials is low, they will get hotter more quickly for a given heating condition.
- Explains that thermal conductivity is proportional to the density of common building materials.
- Explains that if the density is less, the thermal conductivity is also less.
- Explains that there will be voids within the materials, and that the air in the gaps is a bad conductor.
- Explains that thermal diffusivity is an important factor which indicates how fast the structure will heat up in the event of a fire.
- Explains that temperature represents the rate at which temperature changes can take place within a mass.
- Explains that common building materials fall under two extreme conditions when it comes to thermal diffusivity.
- Explains that some of the materials are good insulators such as brick, concrete, wood, etc.
- Explains that if a building material is an insulator, then heat from the fire will not penetrate deep into the structure.
- Explains that if the material is a good conductor, uniform temperature will be attained quickly throughout the body.
- Explains that the compressive strength of concrete depends on the relative proportion of individual materials present in the concrete.
- Explains that the influence of temperature on the strength of concrete depends on various materials present in concrete.
- Explains that up to 200 c, the reduction in the strength of concrete is nominal.
- Explains that concrete deteriorates rapidly when temperatures reach 500 c and above.
- Explains that with the development of temperature in concrete, ferric oxide becomes dehydrated or get reacted with lime present in cement paste.
- Explains that there is no change in the colour of the concrete (normal colour is gray).
- Explains that pink or red fades, reverts to almost normal gray; some coarse aggregate may remain red; concrete becomes porous and friable.
- Explains that it is possible to assess the temperature reached by various parts of a concrete structure by observing the color change.
- Explains that even with a 4 hour fire duration, the portion of concrete affected by the fire is only for 150 mm from the heated surface.
- Explains that even in the case of a severe fire, the temperature at which the concrete loses its strength is rarely attained by concrete throughout its mass.
- Explains that concrete maintains its integrity and strength even after being attacked by severe fire.
- Explains that bis specifies minimum thickness of concrete cover to the steel reinforcement to protect it from fire.
- Explains that the young's modulus of elasticity of concrete reduces rapidly with increase in temperature.
- Explains young's modulus at 200 c is about 70 – 80 % of that at room temperature.
- Explains young's modulus at 400c is about 40 – 50 % of that at room temperature.
- Explains that if all other parameters are equal, the deflection of a flexural member is inversely proportional to the young’s modulus.
- Explains that a generalized behaviour of poisson's ratio with temperature is not possible in case of concrete.
- Observes that as the temperature increases, the ultimate strength of concrete decreases and strain increases.
- Explains that the most common form of damage to concrete when subjected to fire is spalling of concrete.
- Suggests that spalling of concrete due to temperature rise can occur in a member because of one or more of the following reasons.
- Explains that concrete spalling can be prevented by proper selection of concrete mixes and its constituents.
- Describes the requirements of the bureau of indian standards for proper cover to the steel.
- Explains the importance of providing a secondary layer of reinforcement with wire mesh between the steel and surface of concrete, so that even if concrete get cracked, it will not spall off and direct exposure of steel to the fire is prevented.
- Defines thermal conductivity as the quantity of heat that flows in one second through a cube of unit size.
- Explains that the short-term creep characteristics are important with respect to materials subjected to fire, and that creep plays a limited role in the overall behaviour of concrete except when the temperature is above 400 c.
1773 wordsRead More - Proportions and Strength of Concreteexplanatory essayContents 1. Introduction .....3-4 2. Proportions and Strength 4-5 3. Admixtures .......5 4. Aggregate .
In this essay, the author
- Explains that mixtures are ingredients that can be added to concrete to improve or modify some of its properties.
- Explains that some admixtures can accelerate the hardening of concrete while others can improve the water tightness of hardened concrete.
- Explains the different types of portland cement used, such as quick set, sulphate existing, special, and wallcrete.
- Explains that concrete is a versatile construction material that can be used for many types of construction. it is commonly combined with reinforcement of some form to increase its strength under tensile forces.
- Explains that textbewehrter beton als kurrosionsschurtz. hamburg: diplomica verlag. five citations. factors affecting the durability of concrete.
- Describes the sabs method 863: compressive strength of concrete. pretoria.
- Explains that concrete is a versatile building material, and is used for making structural elements like beams, columns, floor and roof slabs.
- Explains that concrete consists of a mixture of cement, water and aggregates that make up the bulk of the concrete volume.
- Explains that determining the proportions of sand and stone is physical rather than chemical. the amount of cement and water present in the mixture determines the final strength.
- Explains that the properties of aggregate have a great effect on the final product.
- Explains the importance of keeping concrete wet during the early stages of curing, as the hydration process continues to harden and strengthen the concrete.
- Explains that burlap sacks that are saturated with water can be used to cover the surface and help retain moisture.
- Explains that workability is the ability of a fresh concrete mixture to be moulded or poured into the desired shape without having reduced quality.
- Explains that a slump test is done to determine the workability of the concrete on site.
2296 wordsRead More - Most people may not realise but concrete plays a vital part in our lives daily. It shapes and creates the built environment in which we are surrounded by, such as schools, bridges, roads, housing, hospitals, dams and so much mores. Concrete is the most used man made material in the world, averaging around 3 tonnes annually for each person. In comparison with other building materials such as wood, steel, plastic and aluminium, over twice as much concrete is used globally than any of these materials. It is the material choice of most purposes due to its strength, durability, thermal mass and its cost.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that material efficiency results in less natural resources used, less transports, emissions and less energy used.
- Explains that high recyclability results in less natural resources used, less waste and emissions used.
- Explains that dry and lean construction reduces health hazards, waste, energy consumption, emissions, and a better working environment.
- Opines that concrete and steel are vital to the production industry, no matter how they perform for sustainable purposes, until an alternative comes around with roughly the same costs, durability and availability of these materials.
- Evaluates the environmental performance of modern materials and techniques used in the construction of substructures for low-rise domestic and commercial buildings.
815 wordsRead More - Concrete: The Lifecycle Of Concreteargumentative essayConcrete is one of the world’s most popular construction materials. Some six billion tonnes of concrete is produced each year in the world, making it approximately one ton of concrete for every human being per year (Fardis, 2012, p.116). However, the lifecycle of concrete does not make it the most sustainable building material at the moment. Because of limited natural resources, concerns over green house gases, and landfill problems, concrete production is being cut-back, or at least cannot be increased to keep up with population increase. In this essay, I will look at what makes concrete an unsustainable material and possible solutions to make concrete a more sustainable material.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that concrete is one of the world's most popular construction materials. however, the lifecycle of concrete does not make it the most sustainable building material at the moment.
- Explains that sustainability is defined as meeting human needs in the present while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met indefinitely.
- Compares the environmental impact of using concrete at a construction site with that of manufacturing concrete in ready-mixed concrete plant.
- Explains that concrete provides a large thermal mass so it can store energy and release it later. concrete is not an especially good heat conductor, not as good as steel, for example.
- Explains that it is commonly used as rock in a pavement sub base, but is not commonly recycled.
- Explains that in order to estimate the environmental impact of a construction material, it is necessary to consider all stages construction in the life of the material.
- Explains that concrete is manufactured from a mixture of paste and aggregates, or rocks. portland cement, the principle hydraulic binder used in modern concrete, is responsible for large emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
- Explains that a concrete structure must be demolished and disposed at the end of its service life. the demolition process is done by brute force depending on the size of the structure.
- Explains that concrete is a building material that is strong and durable and can be produced in ways that are environmentally friendly and architecturally mouldable in aesthetically pleasing forms.
- Explains the hannover principles, a tool of guidelines that should be included when designing for sustainability.
- Argues that the long-term approach to lower the environmental impact of using any material is to reduce its rate of consumption. designers, planners and government officials are equally responsible for making sustainable design choices.
1302 wordsRead More - concrete cementexplanatory essayConcrete is a building material that has lasted the test of time, being used since before the Roman Empire to present day. A ceramic composite made of aggregate and some type of binding matrix, concrete has a wide array of different types and applications. Pervious concrete, also know as porous concrete, no-fines, permeable, or enhanced porosity concrete (EPC), is a type of concrete that allows water to flow through it at incredibly high rates due to its particular composition and structure. Due to this unique property, the EPA has proposed pervious concrete be used as a substitute for typical concrete found in roads, parking lots, roofs, and other open areas across the United States to reduce the amount of runoff that must be processed by water treatment plants. With proper installation and care pervious concrete can reduce the annual runoff volume by up to 80 percent (Dauphin country conservation district). Of course there are benefits and trade offs in using one material over another. The aim of this paper is to briefly look at the unique structure of pervious concrete, and then discuss the distinguishing properties including: compressive strength, percolation rate, durability, and acoustic absorption, of pervious concrete.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that concrete is a ceramic composite made of aggregate and binding matrix. pervious concrete allows water to flow through it at incredibly high rates due to its composition and structure.
- Explains that all concrete is made of aggregate and an adhesive binder to keep the aggregate together. portland cement is the most common cement used in the world.
- Explains that the desired property of pervious concrete is that it is porous and permeable to water. this change in processing and structure leads to changes in other properties, such as compressive strength, percolation rate, durability, and acoustic absorption.
- Explains that as one increase the void content in a concrete the compressive strength of the concrete is lowered.
- Explains that percolation rate is directly related to porosity of pervious concrete. the amount of binder used to bind the aggregate plays a role in interconnectedness.
- Explains that extreme temperatures and chemical climates can adversely affect the durability of pervious concrete.
- Explains that pervious concrete can save thousands if not millions in municipal funding through water treatment. it holds and retains vehicular oil spills instead of releasing it into the water system.
- Explains that pervious concrete exhibits unique acoustic properties that differ quite drastically from conventional concrete.
- Explains the unique structure of pervious concrete and its distinguishing properties, including compressive strength, percolation rate, durability, and acoustic absorption.
1529 wordsRead More - The Use of Reinforced Concrete in Modernismanalytical essayThe usage of concrete was explored by the Early Christian and Roman architects but fell out of use throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance period. The material was only fully explored again in the later half of the 19th century but only for mundane purposes where the material was cheap, easy to work with, and versatile, but most importantly it’s fireproof characteristic. In 1870, the idea of reinforcing the concrete was born; steel rods were to be inserted to increase its strength. Taking this principle, Ernest Ransome (America) and Francois Hennebique (France) both developed frame systems. From this, open plan workspaces with large windows were created and it was proved to be well accommodated where fire had previously been a danger. Hennebique’s system used slim vertical posts, thin parallel beams on brackets and floor slabs; this resulted somewhat like a timber frame. Concrete was one of the most flexible materials and one with a least determining form. Concrete relied on its mould and the intelligence of its designer to give it aesthetic qualities for one to appreciate it. This became much more obvious when the architects of the last 19th century attempted to discover a style based on this material.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that concrete was explored by early christian and roman architects but fell out of use throughout the middle ages and renaissance period.
- Analyzes how garnier's cité industrielle represents the culmination of several philosophies of urbanism that were outgrowth of the industrial revolution in 19th-century europe.
- Compares charles edouard jeanneret's design of the maison dom-ino with that of auguste perret.
- Explains that le corbusier designed the maison citrohan, which had a roof terrace, double storey height living room, and the plan voisin and la ville radieuse.
- Analyzes how le corbusier redefines his architecture style and talks about the '5 points of architecture', which can be seen in most of his works.
- Cites wiliam j. r. curtis, modern architecture since 1900, london: phaidon press limited, 1996.
- Describes peter collins’ ‘concrete, a vision of a new architecture’, québec, faber, 2004.
- Explains that auguste perret was influenced by eugène emmanuel viollet-le-duc who backed the unification of architectural form and techniques of construction.
- Explains that the plasticity of concrete is explored in erich mendelson's einstein tower and eugene freyssinet'
- Explains that r. w. steiger, ‘albert kahn: pioneer in concrete industrial architecture’, the aberdeen group, 1988; charles jencks, le corbusier and the tragic view of architecture, canada: penguin books, 1987.
- Cites elzner, a. o., and mir m. ali, "evolution of concrete skyscrapers: from ingalls to jin mao."
- Explains francis s. onderdonk's "the ferro-concrete style: reinforced concrete in modern architecture", united states, hennessey + ingalls, 1998.
2583 wordsRead More - The Pros And Cons Of Concreteexplanatory essayIn these cases, such as building a reservoir, a huge number of concrete trucks are generally brought in in a caravan, and they pour their concrete into the forms that have been constructed onsite. In some cases, this order will put a concrete plant out of commission for a period of time due to the demand, and as such it must obviously be coordinated ahead of time.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that concrete trucks are usually brought in in a caravan, and they pour their concrete into the forms that have been constructed onsite.
- Explains that concrete is produced throughout the united states, which keeps shipping costs low. concrete for general jobs can be purchased in bags of varying weights.
- Opines that quikrete is not suitable for every job that requires concrete to be used. concrete is used from the ground up in the construction of buildings.
- Explains the advantages of using concrete in construction, apart from the price and availability, and the fact that it is fire retardant.
- Explains that concrete is widely used because of the environmental benefits that can be enjoyed through its use. concrete is inherently fire retardant, whereas wood requires specific treatment methods and chemicals.
705 wordsRead More - How the Stucture of Skyscrapers Was Startedcomparative essay...ing cold weather problems. These two innovations changed the exterior walls from ones that carried their own loads to ones that bore integrally with the rest of the system. This created an ability to use concrete as the framing with a curtain wall sealing the building from external forces [3]. Another innovation, which led the construction industry away from its traditional construction techniques of imitating steel and wood, was Robert Maillart's use of the floor slab instead of beams and girders to carry loads. These breakthroughs, along with concrete's ability to resist fire, carry heavy loads, and dampen noise, made it a good choice for factory and apartment buildings at the turn of the century. The difficulty for inventors was then to convince the public that its uses went beyond low-rise apartment buildings. Like steel, it could also soar toward the sky.
In this essay, the author
- Compares the history of concrete and its use in tall buildings with that of the romans of primitive concrete buildings.
- Explains that the 1876 centennial exposition in philadelphia was the baseline from which to measure the history and development of the skyscraper.
- Explains that reinforced concrete was discovered during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. wilkinson, françois hennebique, and thaddeus hyatt contributed to its development in the 19th century.
- Explains that robert talbot of the university of illinois at urbana-champaign published the first technical bulletin, "tests of reinforced concrete beams."
- Explains how reinforced concrete systems were used in factories, warehouses, residential houses, and low-rise apartment buildings. ransome patented a system with an exterior belt course to hold up walls from stories above and maillart's use of the floor slab.
764 wordsRead More - The Benefits Of Cementexplanatory essayAlmost no other material manages to carry such contradictory associations. Stigmatized on one hand, celebrated on the other, it evokes highly diverse reactions this material is cement. Cement is a finely ground powder binder, a substance that sets and hardens and can bind other materials together, when mixed with water forms a hardening paste of calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminates hydrates. Cement is used in mortar and concrete (bulk rock-like building material made from aggregate, sand, and water). By modifying the raw material mix and the temperatures utilized in manufacturing, compositional variations can be achieved to produce cements with different properties. Cement, chemically speaking, is a product including lime as the
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cement is a finely ground powder binder that sets and hardens and can bind other materials together.
- Explains how portland cement is produced from raw materials such as limestone, chalk, shale, clay, and other minerals. the heart of clinker production is the rotary kiln where the preprocessing stage occurs.
- Explains that cement is stored in silos and transported to various locations for use either in bulk through truck or rail transport or packed in bags. the international cement sector developed the cement sustainability initiative in 1999.
- Explains that concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. architectural and decorative concrete provides an aesthetic finish and structural capabilities in one.
- Explains that white cement concrete is a brilliant architectural material. it can be textured, patterned, or shaped to almost any form.
- Explains the versatility of white cement, which can be used for:ocast-in-place concrete, precast concrete and tilt-up concrete.
922 wordsRead More