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Parenting styles: what they are and why they matter
Psychology on parenting style
Parenting styles: what they are and why they matter
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According to Baumrind (1977), parenting style can be divided into three style categories: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive. As stated above, American families frequent individualistic tendencies. Therefore, an authoritative parenting style (i.e. reasonable demands, high responsiveness) is ideal for most families. This parenting style in the American context yields the most therapeutic effects mentally for developing children, serving as a protective factor for specific psychopathologies (Rudy, & Grusec, 2006). However, this may be different cross-culturally, since collectivist groups may not necessarily possess the same outcomes. In general, parents of India possess an authoritarian (i.e. high demands, low responsiveness) parenting
They look at two infant groups, one in the United Kingdom and the other in India (Chintalapuri et al., 2013). What Chintalapuri et al. (2013) found in their study was that parental directives were higher across the board in India showing that while directives are present at the same age in both cultures that the prevalence of directives are what are different across cultures.
Parenting styles have been widely defined by Baumrind into three categories, authoritative, authoritarian and permissive. Parenting styles can be defined as a pattern of attitudes in how parents choose to express and communicate with their children. These styles are categorized based on the level of nurturance, parental control and level of responsiveness (Dwairy, 2004). Authoritative style exhibits high levels of demand, responsiveness and nurturance; authoritarian style exhibits high levels of demand but low levels of responsiveness, permissive style exhibits low levels of demand but high in responsiveness and nurturance (Dwairy, 2004). These parenting styles have been proposed to have a significant impact on a child’s development as well as academic achievement and psychological well-being. Children reared by authoritative parents are stated to have the highest levels of academic achievement, self-esteem, emotional adjustment and well-being according to Baumrind’s category of styles (Dwairy, 2004). However, these three categories are based on Western samples and have been said to describe parenting styles mainly in the West and question its limitations in describing parenting across cultures, as each style’s defining patterns may have different meanings across cultures.
) Conflict is an opposite action toward a different idea, perception, or feeling of people or groups. (b)Transactional analysis has three ego states which are parent, child, adult that affect our behavior or the way we transact through communication. Critical parent is controlled by the conversation using advising responses that are judgmental, opinionated, demanding disapproving, or disciplining telling others what to do, and sympathetic parent is protecting, permitting, consoling, and caring to be supportive. The natural child response that shows
Many countries have decided against having a totalitarian government system, but there still are countries that continue with running their country with authoritarianism. The Middle East persists on having an authoritarianism style government over having a democracy. Theories that prove to be true to Middle Eastern people of how a totalitarian government is better relate to economics, religion, and international involvement. People living in the Middle East want to avoid having political liberation because that can lead to a consistent and stable democratic government. Another reason keeping them from changing is that since their countries aren’t struggling economically, the citizens don’t see it necessary to elect new leaders. The countries in the Middle East region decide to continue with authoritarianism because the fear and pain is greater than the feeling of freedom.
In a seminal work, Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, and Sanford (1950) coined the term authoritarian personality and stated that it was characterised by strong adherence to externally imposed conventional norms, as well as submission or obedience to the authorities that promote those norms. According to Adorno and colleagues, these behaviours are attempts to deal with various personal insecurities. Specifically, authoritar- ian individuals displace their own anxieties onto weak minority groups in their culture (e.g., ethnic and/or religious minorities) or onto people who deviate from social norms (e.g., homosexuals). Displacement is often accompanied by associated beliefs that are highly evaluative and rigid. Other characteristics of the authoritarian personality include a cynical view of mankind, cognitive and emotional inflexibility. A belief in the need for power and toughness, the tendency to act harshly towards nonconformists, opposition to subjective or imaginative tendencies, and an exaggerated concern with promiscuity. Adler (1965) re-examined the personality char- acteristics described by Adorno and colleagues and noted that the central trait of the authoritarian personality is the ‘‘will to power over others’’, which results in aggressive overcompensation for feelings of inferiority and insignificance. Contemporary research continues to rely on many of the conceptualisations and measures originated by Adorno and colleagues (Martin, 2001; Stone, Lederer, & Christie, 1993).
Intro A real world example of how social norms and social roles shape people’s behaviour is that of the African genocide in Rwanda that left thousands dead on the account of obedience. The genocide in Rwanda could is comparable to the atrocities in the holocaust of Nazi Germany that compelled Milgram to conduct an experiment on obedience to authority (Milgram, 1963). Social roles and social norms basically give an explanation of how people’s behaviour is greatly influenced. The essay gives an account of Milgram’s experiment on obedience to authority.
Collectivist cultures, according to Shiraev and Levy (2013), tend to be traditionalists and base their behavior on traditional values (p. 9) and overall concern for the group or family unit (p. 11). Within the collectivist family, traditional family roles are observed for example daughters, wives and mothers must obey fathers, husbands, and sons. In addition, rules within the society are predetermined and are accepted and followed without question (Shiraev & Levy, 2013, p. 9). The parenting style of the collectivist parents leans more towards the authoritarian style of parenting which is based on behavioral controls such as obedience and high demands of the parents on the children (Shiraev & Levy, 2013, p. 193-194). This authoritarian style is not to show the parents’ superiority over the children nor to dominate them, moreover, it is a practice used for the collectivist parents to organize the family by promoting structure. Whereas individualistic cultures tend to base their actions and behaviors on the belief that their own personal needs are more important than those of the group and compete to achieve them (Shiraev & Levy, 2013 p. 11). The parenting style of the individualist family may be more permissive or more egalitarian. Shiraev and Levy (2013) discuss how this parenting style focuses on building the child’s self-esteem (p. 194) and teaches self-expression as well as autonomy (p. 204). This egalitarian style is not to say the parents are weak but to encourage the concept of fairness and that people should advocate for equal rights and equal opportunities, instilling a sense of
There are all different styles of parenting that are used by all ethnicities. Cherlin references three-categories of parenting styles are authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian. Some ethnicities might be more prone
Growing up, two group of people, parents, and grandparents, took the time and the energy to raise me. Both of them had different approaches when raising me. These approaches were different parenting styles. According to Baumrind, parenting style was the “[capturing] normal variations in parents’ attempts to control and socialize their children” (Darling, 1999). To put it simply, parenting style goal was to lecture, influence, and discipline a child. In general, there are four parenting styles with their own specific benefits and disadvantages. Furthermore, parenting style, granted the dynamic of the family was understood, can be identified in families.
Sartaj, Beenish, and Naeem Aslam. “Role Of Authoritative And Authoritarian Parenting In Home, Health And Emotional Adjustment.” Journal Of Behavioural Sciences 20.1 (2010): 47-66. EBSCOhost. Web. 18 May 2014.
With over three hundred million Americans and over six billion people worldwide parenting skills are essential to maintain a healthy society. Parenting involves many aspects and requires many skills. It is a time to nurture, instruct, and correct to develop fundamental skills children will need to be mature, responsible, and contributing adults to a society. There are four commonly identified parenting styles; authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved parenting. Of the four parenting styles, two remain on opposite ends of the parenting spectrum. These two styles; authoritarian, and permissive both have deleterious results that are often visible throughout different developmental stages, such as rebellious behavior. As well each style has its own advantages such as; acceptance by peers with commonality. Child rearing for most parents is an evolving set of skills. It could be said that, with any style of parenting, there is no explicit set of rules for every situation, and what works for one child may not be effective for another.
One such type of parenting technique is authoritarian parenting. Authoritarian parents are the parents that are involved in a child’s life from the second the child is born into the family. The parents are in charge of everything. From the small things like which toy a child to get to the ideas of a child must play an instrument, must be at least bilingual and other extracurricular activities. Authoritarian parents are a synonym to Indian parenting styles. Research has shown that almost 85% of parents in India in the early 2000s used authoritarian parenting when raising a child till the age of 15. Not only that, but when asked if parents would try the western parenting techniques. Almost 50% answer they would not alter their parenting style
In our society, it is very difficult to have your own parenting style. If you do, you would not fit into the normal society. Your parenting style will be an outlier to others. Parents with different parenting styles, would be dissimilar than other parents because of the various parenting styles. So ultimately, parents have to conform to the American parenting styles, to fit within the society. This has happened to many Indian parents. As Indian parents immigrated, not only was it difficult to keep their culture, but also their unique parenting style. Indian’s migrating to the United States was common in the 1980s, 1990s, and the early 2000s. According to Min Zhou and J.V. Gatewood, “immigrants from Asia have been rising from 1.4 million to 11.9 million or 4 percent of the total U.S. population in 2000” (Zhou and Gatewood, 2005; p. 655). Nearly, all of the 11.9 million new Indian parents
However, as stated earlier, this loose style of parenting does not always stand tall in volatile or high crime environments. Western Society has vilified authoritarian parenting yet Eastern cultures do not see an issue with it. in Although structured with guidelines made to have the child be safe this style of parenting is incredibly restrictive. Study done showed that adolescent children that were exposed to authoritarian parenting were more aggressive and socially awkward than children brought in an authoritative environment (Hart, Newell, and Olsen 762). Aslam and Sartaj elaborates on that stating that the harshness of the authoritarian parenting style results in the parent adopting a negative identity and the child having a higher risk of depression stemming from the rejection felt (Aslam and Sartaj 60). Although not focused it is noticed that children introduced to a permissive parenting style have a good relationship their parents yet when disciplinary action is taken the child retaliates frequently compared to other parenting
Although they are very closely related, power and authority are two different concepts. Power is needed in order to establish authority, yet it is also completely distinct from authority (Week 9 Study Notes).