In this study, 14 CcHsf genes were identified and characterized from the current draft pigeonpea genome. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR studies using primers designed from soybean Hsf sequence information in pigeonpea. (When designing primers from soybean did you check for redundancry?) show that it should have more hsfs and Hsfs from pigeonpea and soybean are highly similar. Once the genome sequence is available, you will not need the above information.) All predicted CcHsf genes, showed conserved Hsf-type DNA binding domain indicating that it is the most conserved among the different domains in Hsf. This is in agreement with Arabidopsis Hsfs where the DNA Binding Domain is highly conserved (IRRK--), (Nover et al. 2001; Scharf et al. 2012). Both NLS and NES which are important for maintaining the intracellular distribution of the Hsfs between the nucleus and cytoplasm (Lick et al. 1997, Baniwal et.al 2004) were not found in our predicted sequence. Since these are partial sequence signatures, the complete structure can only be deduced once the full length sequence information is available. The phylogenetic analysis of Hsfs in pigeonpea, soybean, medicago and Arabidopsis indicated that CcHsfs are more closely related to GmHsfs than MtHsfs and AtHsfs. In a similar report (Soares-Cavalcanti et al.2012) also reported structural similarity with respect to Hsfs of soybean, lotus and medicago. They reported the evolutionary consistency between the Hsf groups indicating the high degree of similarity in this family of proteins. Interestingly, MEME analysis of HsfA-1d showed that CcHsfA-1d motif distribution is distinct from soybean, medicago, and Arabidopsis. Therefore, CcHsfA-1d might interact with other proteins in manner not similar to its...
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...hsfs are currently not fully sequenced.Completion of these sequences will help in better elucidation of the structure as compared to other legumes. As per this study pigeonpea harbors about 23 hsfs. This is a small number considering that sobean has about 65 hsfs, making it one of the largest yet discovered among the plants. Whether these many are required for imparting thermotolerance, needs to be understood. Going by the closeness between pigeonpea and soybean, it is also expected that more hsfs need to be discovered. Since pigeonpea is more tolerant to high temperatures as compared to pigeonpea, it will be interesting to note the composition of hsf in this plant. This study however forms basis for further investigations of hsfs in pigeonpea and the differential expression of CcHsfA-2 needs further characterization as it offers an unique situation under heat stress
Glase, Jon C. A Study of Gene Linkage and Mapping Using Tetrad Analysis in the Fungus
...It allowed access to virtually annotate sequences freely, build and visualize maps, design primers, and restriction analysis. First, the pEGFP-N1 plasmid nucleotide sequence was found by using the NCBI nucleotide database program. SnapGene viewer illustrated the restriction enzyme cut sites used to cut EGFP gene from the pEGFP-N1 source plasmid. Then the pET-41a (+) vector sequence was found by using the AddGene Vector Database. A new DNA file representing the recombinant pET-41a (+)-EGFP plasmid was built by virtually cloning the EGFP gene insert into the pET-41a (+) vector sequence. The plasmid was virtually cut utilizing the pAD1 sense primer and pAD1 anti primer from the PCR procedure. A restriction digest experiment was designed to confirm the identity of the PCR product. The two restriction endonucleases that cut the PCR product at least once was HgaI and XspI.
A fruit’s heat and lineage are very dependent on growing conditions it is in. Soil, rainfall, and climate are factors that would have the potential to alter a plant. The author questions rather the Naga King Chili would be hotter if it were grown in an area with different growing conditions. Even in regions just next to Nagaland, it is possib...
ABSTRACT: Chloroplasts carry out photosynthetic processes to meet the metabolic demands of plant cells (Alberts, 2008). They consist of an inner thylakoid membrane and a stroma. (Parent et. al, 2008).In this experiment we demonstrate the unique protein compositions of isolated thylakoid and stromal fractions from broken and whole spinach chloroplasts. Because these compartments carry out different metabolic processes, we confirm our hypothesis that performing SDS-PAGE on these fractions will result in distinct patterns on the gels. In isolating and analyzing nucleic acid from broken, whole, and crude chloroplast samples we demonstrate that genes for photosynthetic protein psbA are found in chloroplast DNA, while genes for photosynthetic enzyme
Brassica rapa, a variety of the mustard plant, was used for food as far back as the Roman Empire; however, it is difficult to distinguish where the plant originated, as it is spread across much of Eurasia (Guo, Chen, Li, Crowling 2014). This plant is used in many experiments due to its short life cycle, which hovers around six weeks, and is thus considered a ‘fast plant’. We are using Brassica rapa because of its relatively small size and short life
These studies have helped to further the understanding of how legumes respond in elevated carbon dioxide. Researchers have determined that growth at elevated carbon dioxide concentrations stimulates photosynthesis and the increase of carbon to the plant. However this increase requires a higher nutrient supply to account for the increase in photosynthetic output. Based on these findings, legumes have a competitive advantage over nonleguminous plants when grown at elevated level of carbon dioxide. In natural settings however, nutrient availability greatly affects the response of these legumes (2). Legumes are dependent on their symbiotic relationship to nitrogen fixing bacteria, and this relationship and its response to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide will continue to be studied for years.
Anthocyanins, flavanols, flavanones,secoiridoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, coumarins, and isoflavones form a large class of polyphenols, which are phenolic compounds. This study, however, focuses on one category of these phenolic compounds: phenolic acids. These particular compounds have been classified into two groups, namely hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids. The most common hydroxybenzoic acids are protocatechuic acid and gallic acid, while hydroxycinnamic acids include ferulic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and sinapic acid, (Nigdikar, Williams, Griffin, & Howard). Unlike hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids usually occur at very low levels in some black radish, red fruits, and onions, accounting for about 10 ppm on a fresh weight basis. Protocatechuic ac...
MacLeod et al. (1961) was confirmed that when the entry rate is low, sulfur ion can enter the metabolic pathways of plants normally without any distinct injury or symptom on the leaves. However, if the amount of sulfur ions excess the ‘normal’ quantities in the plant requirement enters, it can affected the metabolism of plants or the characters of chronic injury (yellowing) to the plants will develop no matter how slowly the sulfur enter the plants. But when the sulfur enters the plants rapidly, the metabolic systems of plants for coping with sulfur will overwhelmed and it can causes the acute injury occurs (bifacial intercostals necrosis).
... similarities between proteins exhibiting homology, and inspecting the AFP nucleic acid sequence in comparison with proteins showing similarities.
Janick. J. (2011). Center for New Crops & Plant Products - Department of Horticulture and
"The Species of the Secondary Protein Structure. Virtual Chembook - Elmhurst College. Retrieved July 25, 2008, from http://www.cd http://www.elmhurst.edu/chm/vchembook/566secprotein.html Silk Road Foundation. n.d. - n.d. - n.d.
A previous study, looked at by the researchers, stated that nuclear localization signals are what allow the RNA to enter the nucleus (Wu W, Pante N. 2009). This persuaded them to ask the question of whether or not there was a nuclear localization signal within a viral protein of HCRSV. The localization of P23 was then tested using a transient expression method. The results of their experiment showed that there was a strong signal detected in the nucleus of the Kenaf leaf samples. This proved that P23 was in fact localized in the nucleus and that a nuclear localization signal is present in P23 (Gao R, Liu P, Wong SM. 2012). It was also found that P23 has the ability to bind to carrier proteins that come into the nucleus. This showed that even if P23 was not localized in the nucleus, it could still enter. The mode of entry into the nucleus was discovered to by α-importin (Gao R, Liu P, Wong SM. 2012) . This was discovered by experimenting with a probe of anti-importin α antibody. α-importin was only detected in the protein extract of P23 in the nucleus of the HCRSV-infected Kenaf sample (Gao R, Liu P, Wong SM. 2012). Researchers concluded from their results of the experiments that α-importin, P23, and HCRSV RNA form a complex that enters the nucleus to begin replication of the
Chronicle of a Death Foretold is a novella written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez taking place in twentieth century Colombia. Marquez recalls the events of a murder twenty years in the past. The victim, who is named Santiago Nasar in the novella, faces prosecution from his twin friends because the twins’ sister states Santiago took her virginity. As honor was greatly valued in the Colombian society at the time, their worldview led to the requirement for their family’s honor to be restored by killing Santiago. The result is an impending murder that almost everyone, except for a small group including Santiago himself, knew about. The result is Santiago’s death as he never knew what was coming.
The sunflower got its name from its flower, which resembles the sun. The large flower is actually a mature flower head, composed a bunch of tiny flowers clumped together (Duncan 1975). The sunflower is an annual, erect, broadleaf plant. It has a tough, strong stem and rough simple leaves. The leaves on the immature buds are phototropic and follow the sun’s rays, one of the properties that increase light interception. The sunflower is not prone to many diseases, which make it appealing to producers (Duncan 1975). The plant grows rapidly and very large in the right location. They thrive in northern areas. One of the beneficial properties is the plants ability for phtytoremediation. It’s able to r...
Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.] is one of the oldest cultivated crop in the world (Chang 1968). China has been identified as the center of origin of this special crop (Vavilov 1926), where foxtail millet was domesticated and selected as grain food as early as 8700 years ago (Lu et al.2009). The geographical origin of foxtail millet based on cytological studies indicated that wild ancestor of foxtail millet is S. viridis (Li et al. 1945). It was the most important food crop of the Neolithic culture in China. It belongs to family Poaceae and subfamily Panicoideae and supposed to be originated in Eastern Asia probably China. It is a diploid (2n=2x=18), self-pollinating, C4 panicoid crop with a small genome (490 Mb) size (Andrew et al., 2009). About 90% of global millet production is utilized in the developing countries (FAO, 1990) and 38.6% of total world millet is produced by India alone (FAO, 1995). Core collection of 155 and 152 accessions in foxtail millet have been reported by Upadhyaya et al. (2008, 2011) and Lata et al. (2011a, b) respectively. Lata et al., 2011a have also developed a core collection of 107 accessions of foxtail millet , which is being used for determining population structure and allele mining of important agronomic and abiotic stress related traits. Nirmalakumari and Vetriventhan (2010) evaluated 741 germplasm accessions of foxtail millet and established that better yield potential could be attained by exploiting germplasm with more productive tillers, intermediate panicle length and medium flowering time. Core of 220 accessions was selected from 1482 world collection of foxtail millet by using power core (http://genebank.rda.go.kr/powercore) Jayarama Gowda et al.,2012, which i...