A five elements reconfigurable beam-steering parasitic patch array antenna is proposed in this letter. For patch-type antenna with parasitic array technique, the achievable beam scanning range is very limited in the range of -30° to +30° from the broadside. Increasing the number of parasitic elements does not provide significant beam scanning improvement where only additional 3° to 5° is achieved. Therefore, this research proposed an intergration of an additional parasitic elements with a novel approach of ground plane reduction that eventually improved approximately 43% steering angle. Five measured directive beam patterns of -50°, -30°, 0°, +30°, +50° are succesfully obtained with the respective switching conditions.
Introduction: Reconfigurable beam steering with patch antenna has gained significant interest due to its compact, simple and low cost design [1,2]. Various techniques has been developed to perform beam-steering with patch antennas [2-4]. In this work, further investigation is carried out in designing a broadly beam-steerable antenna with linear switched parasitic array. Enhanced beam tilt angle is achieved with the novel introduction of ground plane reduction technique at the parasitic patch array antenna. The fabricated antenna is capable to reconfigure the radiation pattern into five different directions with the optimized switching location at the parasitic elements. The beam steering is achieved at 5.8 GHz operating frequency with a little influence on the other antenna characteristics such as gain and S11. For the sake of simplicity and proof of concept, the representation of a shorting pin is considered as the artificial switch at the specified switching locations. The presence and absense of the shorting pin is considered as ON and OFF state respectively.
Antenna design: Fig.1 illustrates the physical structure of the beam-steering parasitic
Contemporary 20th century choreographer Paul Taylor used the components of dance -space, time and energy to explore the struggle of an individual versus the conformity of the masses in his dance Esplanade. In addition, Taylor intertwined the principles of contrast, repetition, and resolution throughout Esplanade to portray the emotion, which accompanied this isolation. This esplanade (a long, open, level area usually by the sea) represented the journey of an independent women’s movement against the societal norm of heterosexual couples within the masses.
Drones use Radio Frequency (RF) transmitters (TX) and receivers (RX) to send the information used to control the drone. Inside the radio, transmitters encode the digital data from the movements of sticks and switches into an electric current, which gets sent through wires to the radio’s antenna. There, the electric currents generate electromagnetic radiation, or radio waves. Waves with different amplitudes (heights) or frequencies (durations) carry different messages. (FM and AM radio stations stand for Frequency Modulation and Amplitude Modulation, respectively.) The radio wave moves through the air at 186,000 miles per second, is picked up by the drone’s receiver and undergoes the same magic in reverse — radio waves turn into electric currents, which are then interpreted by the drone as adjustments to
The first stage is the RF amplifier. The AM antenna runs into the RF amp where the desired frequency is selected. As stated by Grob (1997), the typical band for AM is 535 Hz to 1605 KHz. For the duration of the paper, we will assume that we are trying to receive a station that is located on 1290 KHz signal. The antenna used must be able to pick up all the stations on the AM dial. Knowing this, we need to select the one we want to hear. In this case, we want 1290 KHz or The Country KOWW. When the dial on the radio is turned to select 1290 KHz, it does two things. There are two variable capacitors
Teenagers have many hobbies and interests and one thing that the hobbies have in common is that every hobby requires specific steps in order to archive success. Some hobbies require very little training such as baseball card collecting. other hobbies take quite a lot of training, to preform correctly. There are some very important steps to take in order to be successful in the hobby, radio controlled airplanes, and they are researching the type of planes, selecting and purchasing the plane, and assembling and flying it.
In an electromagnetic wave, the constantly changing electric and magnetic fields affect each other so they both oscillate in different axis while the wave moves in a direction perpendicular to the oscillation of the fields as shown in Figure 1.
Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) communication networks are a form of satellite communication where business and industry can transmit data, voice and video around the world through a satellite link. Companies such as Walmart use VSATs to process data to and from their stores nationwide (Lawton, 1994). Understanding the basics of what constitutes a VSAT network and how it operates will establish a basis of knowledge to expand on the various applications. Illustrating the commercial and military use of these satellite networks will show how space capabilities can be more advantageous over terrestrial methods of communication. The use of VSAT communication is growing around the world. While few may understand even the basics of how they work, a better understanding of its operations, advantages, disadvantages, and many uses may prove to be beneficial as these space communication technologies unfold.
Proc, J. (2006). Loran-C transmitters & coverage [online]. Available at: http://www.jproc.ca/hyperbolic/loran_c_xmitter.html [Accessed 16th April, 2014]
In this paper, a wideband CMOS realization of the CCII based on the long tail differential pair with rail to rail input stage is designed to improve the dynamic range.
By Fresnel reflection: at Brewster's angle, no light polarized in plane of incidence is reflected from the surface, thus all reflected light must be s-polarized, with an electric field perpendicular to the plane of incidence.
Wireless technology is an industry that is growing exponentially. For every new and existing product, there is a want/need and expectation that the product will someday be available to use wirelessly. The only obstacle is the time it takes to advance the technology to become wireless.
In following paragraphs of this paper will be described the main concepts of a wireless
Because weather patterns can form and dissipate quickly, and weather analysis can be difficult at longer distances, aircraft are being increasingly equipped with on-board systems called Airborne Weather Avoidance Radar (AWAR).
Antennas used for early portable wireless handheld devices where the so-called whip antennas. The whip quarter-wavelength antennas were more popular because of its simple and convenient design [1]. It has an Omni-directional pattern in the plane of the earth when held upright and a gain satisfying the device’s specifications. A new antenna designs are implemented on radios with a lower profile than the whip antenna and without significantly reducing performance. These antennas include the quarter-wavelength helical shape and the stubby helical antenna, which is the shortest available antenna.
ratio of V to I is same as before obtained for the test antenna as a transmitting antenna. Thus the