In the last decade, current mode circuits have become popular. Current mode circuits exhibit reliable high frequency response, have simpler architecture, provides better dynamic ranges and operate at lower voltages than their voltage mode counterparts. Among all current mode devices, Dual output second generation Current Conveyor (CCII±) by far is the most popular one. It is widely considered as the op amp equivalent in current mode signal processing. Its performance is characterized by the voltage and current following behaviors. To exploit wideband and wide dynamic range capabilities under low power operation of current-mode signal processing, a CCII based on the translinear loop has been designed. These translinear CMOS circuits exhibit an excellent current following behavior from port X to port Z over a wide bandwidth, but the voltage following property from port Y to port X is poor and the offset voltage is rather high. In this paper, a wideband CMOS realization of the CCII based on the long tail differential pair with rail to rail input stage is designed to improve the dynamic range.
II. CMOS CURRENT CONVEYORS
The current conveyor is a basic building block that can be implemented in analog circuit design. This was introduced by Sedra and Smith in 1968 but its real advantages and innovative impact was not clear at that time. In recent years, current-mode circuits have emerged as an important class of circuits with properties of accuracy, high frequency range and versatility in a wide range of applications. Current conveyor represents the emerging class of high performance analog circuit design based on current mode approach. It has simple architecture, wider bandwidth and capability to operate at low voltage. The c...
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...utput offset current and voltage and also, the value of voltage and current gain of this CCII is comparable with the CCII reported in [3].
VI: CONCLUSION
In this thesis, CMOS Current Conveyors for high frequency applications have been presented. current conveyor, namely, Second Generation Current Conveyor (CCII) has been analyzed and designed using TSMC 0.18μm CMOS technology process parameters. The simulation results have been presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the circuits.
The design of second generation current conveyor provides a voltage gain of 1.03 and current gain of 1.04. For a biasing current of 26μA, the circuit provides the voltage and current bandwidth of 4.3GHz and 2.05GHz respectively; hence this circuit can be used for high frequency applications. The excellent current following action is also achieved from input port to the output port.
Ewald Georg von Kleist is a German scientist who created the capacitor in November of 1745. Regrettably, Kleist did not have the proper paper work to claim in the records that the design of the capacitor was his idea. Many months later, a Dutch professor named Pieter van Musschenbroek created the Leyden jar, the world’s first capacitor (on record). It was a simple jar that was half filled with water and metal above it. A metal wire was connected to it and that wire released charges. Benjamin Franklin created his own version of the Leyden jar, the flat capacitor. This was the same experiment for the more part, but it had a flat piece of glass inside of the jar. Michael Faraday was the first scientist to apply this concept to transport electric power over a large distance. Faraday created the unit of measurement for a capacitor, called Farad.
...hborhood, additive CA are ideally suited for V LSI implementation. Different applications ranging from V LSI test domains to the design of a hardwired version of different CA based schemes have been proposed.
The most famous Bassist in the world is Sir Paul McCartney. Paul McCartney is a former band member of The Beatles. The first electric bass guitar was introduced in the 1930s by a man named Paul Tutmarc from Seattle, Washington. The first models of electric bass guitars were Model 736 Bass Fiddle. The company only made one hundred of these guitars. The electric bass guitar consists of a neck and body, and the bridge, tuners, pickups, strings, and amplification makes this instrument the backbone of a song.
This paper is an overview of the materials and winding technology that is currently used on today’s linear generators. It contains information on the types of wire used as well as the epoxy used to hold the coil windings in place. Furthermore, it contains information on the possible orientations that the coils can have with respect to the permanent magnets.
The frequency response of the cell can be measured using single cell analyses by electrorotation. In this method, the induced torque is measured as a function of applied frequency.
The invention and development of the battery would have to be one of the most significant in human history. Without batteries, the world would be a very different place. Everything would be plugged in and nothing would be mobile. There are many types of batteries that work in many different ways, but they all have the same common goal of making lives easier. Some examples of these batteries are lithium-ion, lead-acid, and nickel-cadmium.
Basic Mathematics for Electronics seventh edition: Nelson M. Cooke, Herbert F.R Adams, Peter B. Dell, T. Adair Moore; Copyright 1960
In this paper, I will talk about how AC circuits can be described by considering voltage and current using complex numbers. An AC circuit requires two separate numbers to be able to completely describe it. This is because it takes into account the amplitude and the phase of the current. The fact that complex numbers can be easily added, subtracted, multiplied or divided with each other makes them ideal for this operation where both amplitude and phase have to work together.
It is said that each one of us has at least twenty microcontrollers in our houses or workplaces. According to a survey, there are more than two billion microcontrollers being manufactured annually. Everybody around the world could not even consider a day without these electronic components (John, 2013). Today, the world is evolving towards a computer-based and technology-dependent environment. Computers, robots and machines could be seen everywhere. Buildings and homes are now majorly powered and managed by electronic devices. All these are made possible by a present day innovation—the microcontroller like the Arduino. The Arduino is a flexible and powerful yet user-friendly microcontroller used in electronic projects to interpret and evaluate data and provide the programmed output in reference to the evaluation results.
As induction motors operate at a constant speed, they provide efficient operation in industrial applications if the loads that they drive remain fairly constant. However, the loads vary when the process conditions change during the process of operation. Furthermore, to maintain the efficiency of induction motors speed control is required. Variable frequency drives (VFDs) are suitable for this purpose.
After the first commercial cell phone introduced in 1983, which was very popular and demand was increasing exponentially. This phone also has some disadvantages like mobile phone was bulky and expensive with minimum talk time. So many companies then started their research on eradicating the drawbacks and fulfilling the some needs of customer for pocket mobile phone from hand portable phone. So in 1986 a company called technophone created a world’s first mobile phone to fit into the pocket and thus this phone shaped both GSM and DTI phones after this creation.
As a graduate student, I will undertake research and coursework in Electrical Engineering to enhance my competencies in this field. I intend to complete my master's degree in order to pursue my doctorate. The research that I am most interested in pursuing at Northeastern University surrounds the optical properties of MEMS devices, and the development of substrate-based fast electro-optical interfaces. My interest in this area stems from my undergraduate study in MEMs development for tri-axial accelerometers.
Electrical Engineers research, develop, design, and test electronic components, products, and systems for commercial, industrial, medical, military, and scientific applications (Cosgrove 749). They are concerned with devices that use small amounts of electricity that make up electronic components such as integrated circuits and microprocessors. By applying principles and techniques of electronic engineering they design, develop, and manufacture products such as computers, telephones, radios, and stereo systems (EGOE, 121). Electrical engineers touch everyone lives through the things they have designed or created. Electrical engineers have invented the lights in your house, the television, the stereo, the telephone, computers, and even your doctor’s blood pressure gauge (Stine 300).
Humans these days take electricity for granted. We don’t truly understand what life was like without it. Most young adults will tell you their life does not depend on electricity, but they aren’t fooling anyone. They all know that their life depends on electricity; whether it’s television, their phone, Google, or the lights in their house. We need to stop taking those things for granted and give credit where credit is due. That is why I chose to write about the scientists who contributed to the discovery of electricity, which then helped modern scientists fuel the electricity phenomenons we now have today.
Rotational speed measurement using magneto-resistive sensor is derived by counting ferromagnetic marks like in the same way as teeth of passive gear wheel. Except this we can use Hall Effect as well as Inductive sensor for this task. But because of some advantages like high sensitivity, more temperature stability, high reliability ,Wide air gap , Insensitive to vibration makes them first choice now a