The study was organized and conducted at the Adele Smithers Parkinson’s Disease Treatment Center of the New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine (Old Westbury, NY). A flyer was on the bulletin board in the clinic area. The study was also introduced at an exercise class. The study was approved by the New York Institute of Technology Institutional Review Board, and all participants signed written informed consent. Twenty-one Caucasian participants (19 male, 2 female) who were diagnosed with PD by a neurologist were consented to participate in this study. The mean age of participants was 69.7 SD +/- 7.8 years. The mean UPDRS motor score was 40.5 SD +/- 10.7. All of the participants were on PD medications. One male subject …show more content…
Each subject sat quietly for 10 minutes prior to taking resting vitals. The 6MWT test is considered a sub maximal test that measures a person aerobic capacity. It was completed on a 30-meter course using two cones to mark the boundaries. It was administered to measure functional endurance and determine the distance a person can walk in 6 minutes. According to Steffen et al (19), this test has high test retest reliability (ICC= 0.95-0.96) for individuals with PD, also the MDC for individuals with PD is 82m. For the 6MWT, the clinician affixed the pedometer to the subject’s waist. The Digi-max pedometer model used in this study has been shown to be a valid distance measure in persons with PD. (20) Following the recommendations of the American Thoracic Society guidelines for the 6MWT, the participants were instructed to cover as much distance as possible in 6 minutes at a continuous and comfortable pace. (21) All participants were experienced with this test. Participants completed this test individually one time under each condition. Researchers managed the time and informed the subject at one-minute intervals. At the completion of the 6MWT, the distance on the pedometer was recorded; vital signs and the Borg RPE were repeated …show more content…
Duncan et al,(23) assessed the criterion validity between quadriceps maximal voluntary isometric contraction, (MVIC) and 5XSTS, found a correlation of r2 = 0.548. The MDC for 5XSTS has not been established in PD population however, the MDC for healthy community dwellers is 4.2 sec.(25) During the 5XSTS, a standard chair was used (chair height 43cm) with no armrest. Each participant completed a single STS to demonstrate understanding of the test. The participants completed one trial of this test under the supervision of the researchers. The participants were instructed to move to the center of the chair, cross their arms, and perform a complete sit to stand, 5 times, as quickly as possible. The time began as soon as the participants’ buttocks left the chair and stopped when the participants’ buttock touched the chair on the fifth
Submaximal and maximal exercise testing are two analytic methods that can be used to examine the cardiovascular, and cardiorespiratory fitness/health levels of the individual being examined. Submaximal testing is usually preferred over maximal mainly because the submaximal exam is more practical in a fitness/health environment. Both test require the individual being examined to perform controlled exercise on a(n) treadmill/ergometer until either steady state has consecutively been reached (submax), or the individual reaches their max (close to it). Being that both test are set to exceed time limits of more than 3 minutes we examine the use of the ATP-PC, Glycolytic, and Oxidative energy systems. Although a huge portion of the test involves the use of the oxidative energy system, we must remember that the three systems are co-occurrent.
3.After 2 minutes, each participant in both groups will get a clothespin. Each person is going to count the maximum number of times they can squeeze the clothespin in one minute.
For this experiment the null hypothesis is that the intensity of the step rate test (High and Low) has no effect on the persons’ heart rate and recovery time. While the alternate hypothesis is that the intensity of the step rate test (High and Low) has an effect on the persons’ heart rate and recovery time.
Many people, like myself, after watching an episode of “The Michael Jay Fox Show,” started to be come curious as to what exactly this disease is. You ask yourself; What is this disease? What causes it? Can it be passed down from generation to generation? Is there a treatment? What would your life be like suffering from this? Through my research on Parkinson’s disease, I am determined to answer these questions. I hope to have a better understanding on this disease, and how it affects the lives of patients that I might see in a hospital.
Hypokinetic Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that is often associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). It can occur when there is interference in the basal ganglia control circuit. These disruptions can include “degenerative, vascular, traumatic, infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, and toxic-metabolic diseases (Duffy, 2013, p. 176).” Damage to the basal ganglia control circuit results in reduced range of motion as well as the inability to inhibit involuntary movements. Hypokinetic dysarthria is most commonly caused by PD; a progressive, neurogenic disease that is characterized by tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, and incoordination. Eighty-seven percent of hypokinetic dysarthria cases are associated with degenerative disease (Duffy, 2013).
Salgado, S., Williams, N., Kotian, R., & Salgado, M. (2013). An Evidence-Based Exercise Regimen for Patients with Mild to Moderate Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sciences (2076-3425), 3(1), 87-100.
Goldmann, David R., and David A. Horowitz. American College of Physicians Home Medical Guide to Parkinson's Disease. New York: Dorling Kindersley Pub., 2000. Print.
With more than 200,000 US cases per year, Parkinson’s disease has become a major part
PD is separated into stages according to the symptoms and degree of disability Stage 1 is mild disease with unilateral limb involvement. Whereas the patient with stage 5 disease is completely dependent in all ADLs. Other classification refer simply to mild, moderate, and ...
During testing, most patients are found to need correction in all 14 balance tests, depending on the ailment the patient complains of and how well they react to the muscle correction will tell whether or not further treatment is needed. The physical aspect of the therapy, despite the name and basic principles, is not the only aspect required for optimal results. One must also report lifestyle and diet changes ranging from daily stress levels to pat...
The fact that early signs of Parkinsonism can easily be overlooked as normal aging, further complicates diagnosis. Therefore, primary care physicians of the middle-aged and elderly population must be extremely sensitive to patients’ outward appearance and changes in movement ability. Most signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease correspond to one of three motor deficiencies: bradykinesia, akinesia, tremor, and rigidity. The first two qualities are usually present before tremor, but often attributed to aging by the patient and even the physician, and thus the disease is rarely diagnosed until tremor becomes evident much later. An average of 80% of the nigrostriatal neurons may have already degenerated by the time Parkinsonism is diagnosed, which complicates treatment (Fitzgerald, 130).
The Queens College/McArdle Step Test, the Rockport One Mile Walk Test, and the 1.5 Mile Run Test are three different field tests that were performed in this lab that were used to measure and predict an individual’s aerobic capacity. The measurement of aerobic capacity, or VO2 max, is a valid way to assess an individual’s cardiorespiratory fitness level. VO2 max refers to the maximal amount of oxygen an individual utilizes during intensive exercise. A higher VO2 max demonstrates a more efficient cardiorespiratory system as an individual with a higher VO2 max can sustain a higher intensity for a longer
716). Characteristic features of Parkinson's disease include “motor impairment (bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, gait dysfunction, and postural instability), cognitive impairment (frontal lobe executive dysfunction), and mood disorders” (p. 716). Normally, motor performance depends on the interaction between automatic (unconscious) and volitional (cognitive) control of movement, however those with Parkinson's disease, experience an “early and preferential loss of dopamine in the caudal regions of the basal ganglia (dorsal regions in rodents), which leads to diminished automatic and increased cognitive control of movements that include frontal lobe circuitry” (p. 716). Consequently, those with Parkinson’s disease must sustain a larger cognitive load to execute either motor or cognitive tasks, such as working memory. In the past decade, increasing evidence has accrued for the role of exercise in the improvement of motor performance, which may help both the cognitive and automatic control of movement. Thus, exercise interventions can help those with Parkinson’s disease incorporate goal-based motor skill training, which then helps in engaging circuitry important in motor learning. Individuals with Parkinson's disease become cognitively engaged with the practice and acquiring of movements and skills that were formerly automatic and unconscious. In addition, aerobic exercise is also observed as important for improvement of blood flow and assistance of neuroplasticity in the elderly, which may also play a role in the improvement of behavioral function in those with Parkinson's disease. Petzinger et al. additionally states that exercise also uses goal-based training and aerobic activity which can improve “both cognitive and automatic
"Secondary Parkinsonism: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 11 May 2014.
The article was published in the journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 2016 volume 29. The population tested in this study included 204 community-dwelling, independent, healthy, older adults 39 men and 165 women. The mean age was 79.44 years (standard deviation (SD) 7.5.)