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Short notes on feudalism
Short notes on feudalism
Short notes on feudalism
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Working from home and an economy dominated by small-scale artisan labor/subsistence farming both revolve around the idea of working and living in the same place. Prior to the Industrial Revolution or the creation/rise of industrial capitalism, feudalism was the dominant economic form in Europe. Feudalism consisted of “lords, vassals, serfs, and fiefs” (Conley 537). “A lord was a nobleman who owned the land, and a vassal was granted the land, termed a fief, by the lord. The fief remained the property of the lord, but it was left to the vassal to reap the harvests from it. In exchange, the vassal provided military protection for the lord. Serfs, who were of peasant origin, formed the lowest class in feudal society. Serfs were bound to the land and required to give the lord a portion of their …show more content…
Many of these people lived and worked side-by-side with their families their entire lives. Unfortunately, technological advancements combined with globalization ultimately led to many displaced workers. These workers began migrating towards cities where large factories were beginning to spring up. “At the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century, an economy once dominated by small-scale artisan labor transitioned into one dominated by manufacturing, machinery, and unskilled factory work” (Conley 538). This new type of work required living in one place and commuting to an hourly job every day. These workers now had much less time available to spend with their families.
Working from home has become very popular in recent years. Technology has again advanced into allowing many people to choose to work and live in the same place. With the further advancement of technology and specifically the automation of many jobs, it can be assumed that telecommuting will continue to increase in popularity, leading to more opportunities for spending time with
During the nineteenth century, Europe had made its way into an age of industrialization, Great Britain being the leader, making progress to resemble the modern era. With the new innovations and technologies, profits soared and industries thrived, but the laboring class had suffered at the cost of modern industry. Before factories started rising all over Europe, and even before the establishment of factories solely near a water source, the “factories” of that time were in the homes of rural laborers, engaged in the putting-out system in which they manufactured textiles in the comforts of their own homes. However, when these new factories had opened, the putting-out system was no match for the factories that were producing goods ten times faster than the production in the homes of rural people. Being forced to move into the urban cities, workers came to the realization that they did not enjoy the environment and conditions of the factories because of the disadvantages they imposed in comparison to working at home. In addition to these problems, much of Europe had just recovered from
Although scholars dispute its roots, Feudalism was mostly seen in Frankish lands around the 9th and 10th century. ("Feudalism: History of Feudalism in Europe." Infoplease.) The system was first introduced as a means of protection for the king. However, as time grew the opportunity to use it as means of exchange for services between the king and vassal was found. Instead of just forcing people into the king’s army the idea of giving fiefs to those who would pledge their life to service the king was decided on. Likewise, vassal, or the knights saw the advantages they had that could be used to their advantage.
In the late 1800’s to early 1900’s, many families from across the world chose to pack up their belongings and move to America. Many came for religious freedom and economic security; however, some just wanted the chance to pursue the “American Dream.” Once families settled down in America, everyone (including women and children) had to go to work to ensure that the family had all that was needed to survive. Factory jobs were the main source of income for many of these families; the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, owned by Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, employed at least 200 immigrant workers a day. Unfortunately, the labor they demanded was cruel and inhumane. The ladies would work fourteen hours a day and only get paid at least two-dollars. They
Over-production in rural areas due to these new production technologies meant many left for big cities in hope of a new life. This sweeping shift in American life, although disrupting the centuries-old ways of many communities, was presenting opportunities rich with hope for many people. Individuals who had traditionally struggled to earn enough to live on as farmers were now able to learn a vast array of trades and move into developing cities such as New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Detroit. Americans, however, were not the only people banking on this prospect of the urbanized and prosperous American Dream. From far corners of the world, as far as China and Europe, floods of immigrants in hopes of improving their peasant lives from back in their old country. The American workforce was forever changed between the years of 1875 and 1910. Old and new immigrants more times than not faced intense friction and squabbles, and in a sense fought to re-define what it meant to be an American. Old world ideologies about identity, religion, and politics were to gradually give way to a new and encompassing national identity of American pluralism. They came seeking liberation from the stifling class systems and monarchies of the old world, as peasants and small craftsmen, they could never even hope to own their land let alone make a decent living for themselves. These
The Feudal system ideas of wage labor worked differently; as a lord would give shelter to the peasant in return the peasant would pay him back in crops and not do anything without his permission. The change in idea of wage labor came about due to 2 changes in the feudal system; firstly the commodities were produced in workshops, farms and factories which require labor instead impressive monuments and courts trapping. Secondly commodities had to be sold before they turned in to wealth. Due to the change in idea of wage labor it allowed the worker sells their capacity depending on the wage
The feudal system was a political, military, and economic system based on the holding of land. The system was developed since the whole entire basis of rule from all the civilizations before the Middle Ages was lost. Early Europe was in desperate need of such a system since they were constantly being raided by the Vikings and other outsiders.
In times of need the church and religion provided hope for people in trouble, eventually creating feudalism. Many things such as feudalism depended on the Great Chain of Being, such as most of the peasants in the middle ages. The Great Chain of Being says that not all things are created equal and that everything has its own place that cannot be changed. Feudalism is based off of the Great Chain of Being where it is unfair but every layer depends on every other layer. In times of need, people looked to religion for help. Because of their role as a religious place, they could provide comfort to families such as ones with a loved one who got sick, but they could never cure the person (Richardson). The church was outside of the feudalism system, having social mobility. Anyone
Economy in the sense of jobs, labor systems, industrialization, and social classes. Why was there a call for such mass production of goods? The need of hundreds of workers, and the inhumane conditions put upon these workers commonly led to their death? Americas movement into a consumer culture pushed for a new way of life. Instead of making things for themselves, they wanted to buy things for themselves. Therefore businesses needed a way to make enough products at a low enough cost so that people could buy them. This therefore led to employers hiring hundreds of workers that got paid very little. By doing so, it provided a way for businesses to produce and provide cheaply. As discussed in the textbook, workers commonly quit due to the awful labor systems that were like a “scene that resembled hell” (Roark, Johnson, Cohen, Stage, Hartmann). The textbook expands on these work conditions, and how the employers may choose to pay their workers less at any given time. It is no wonder that so much of the population was in poverty. The survival of many families depended on contributions from each family member, this is known as the family
The Industrial Revolution in America began to develop in the mid-eighteen hundreds after the Civil War. Prior to this industrial growth the work force was mainly based in agriculture, especially in the South (“Industrial Revolution”). The advancement in machinery and manufacturing on a large scale changed the structure of the work force. Families began to leave the farm and relocate to larger settings to work in the ever-growing industries. One area that saw a major change in the work force was textile manufacturing. Towns in the early nineteen hundreds were established around mills, and workers were subjected to strenuous working conditions. It would take decades before these issues were addressed. Until then, people worked and struggled for a life for themselves and their families. While conditions were harsh in the textile industry, it was the sense of community that sustained life in the mill villages.
I found this article to be of great interest to myself because my work and life has revolved around telecommuting for the past several years. As the article indicates, “a telecommuter is anyone who works at least part of the time at home, in their cars, from clients’ offices, and/or in hotel rooms and telephone booths.” Although the article is somewhat dated (1995 to be exact), I feel that what Robert Moskowitz wrote about telecommuting back in 1995 still applies today. When I chose to go to work for ADP-Automatic Data Processing several years ago, I already had some previous work experience as a telecommuter. At the time, I had no idea that my current position would actually transition itself to a telecommuting position or as I would like to call it now, “a virtual office position.”
The 19th century was a big turn for the modernization of hospitals. During the 19th century hospitals focus came to medical care, rather than the place for charity and the care for the poor. The hospital became a place where medical training was performed, and the profession of nursing was established. The structure and how the organization of hospitals changed as well, the issues with lighting and sanitation were beginning to be addressed and changed. Medical theory and research became the focus of treatment in hospitals, rather than religion being the dominant influence in the establishment of hospitals. The modernization of hospitals made it into an establishment devoted to recovery and healing, rather than a place where the sick would go to die. In this paper I will talk about a nurse named
The economy of many nations was grounded on the putting-out system and the cottage-industry, prior the arrival of the Industrial Revolution. Nevertheless following the 17th century, the innovation of the steam engine revolutionized the energy possibility of man. Europe’s cities experienced an upsurge of growth due to this machine. In addition, laissez-fare capitalism was introduced and started to be implemented by numerous governments. As a response of this technical progression and economic revolution, particular altercations occurred fundamentally, and played a negative effect on the criteria of life for the urban and rural working classes. The negative effects caused by these fundamental changes on both working classes played out economically, socially, as well as on the workplace conditions.
The Industrial Revolution’s foundation began with many new technical inventions that widened the need for industrial workers. Hargreave’s spinning jenny and Arkwright’s water frame both allowed inexperienced workers to spin yarn much faster than talented cottage weavers. Thus, these developments not only assisted the manufacture of cotton goods by making the process much quicker, but they also began the cultivation of a new class of factory workers. For the first time, men, women, and children united in a single working space with complicated machinery to work for middle-class employers. Critics defined this new class of workers as being made up of “part-humans: soulless depersonalized, disembodied, who could become members, or little wheels rather of a complex mechanism” who yielded to their boss’s every demand (Pollard 1). Once-skilled artisans and craftsmen were often subject to working routine processes as machines began to mass produce the goods formerly made by hand. This change in labor had a devastating impact on accomplished workers; they were no longer any different than their unskilled counterparts, women, and children in the eyes of factory owners.
In the 1870’s, there was a flood of immigrants coming into the country. They had no skills, spoke broken English (if any), and were willing to work for virtually no pay. These immigrants began to make up the “new” working class, (Hollitz, 105). The work that these men did was not easy and by no means was it safe. Occupations varied from laborers to brakemen to coal miners to iron and steel workers, (Hollitz, 28-34). By the 1920’s jobs had become more specialized. In order to get hired, one needed to be a skilled worker with experience and an apprenticeship under their belt, (Bell, 30). Beginning in 1906, women began to take the work world by storm (Wright, 114). People began building allow women to go to work, rather than worrying about keeping the enormous houses clean (Wright, 115). Within thirty years, the average pay rose from ten cents an hour for hard labor on the railroads to fifteen cents an hour for a boy to work in a glass factory, (Bell, 224). The changes that happened in fifty years completely revolutionized the archetype of a working class family. In 1870, a working class family was poor and could barely afford to feed themselves. By 1920, the working class family could afford a decent sized house, a car, and to spoil themselves every once in a while.
What is telecommuting, and why would anyone want to either be employed by or employ others to work from their home? The telecommuting employees are “Salaried employees of an organization replace or modify the commute by working at home or a location closer to home than the regular workplace, generally using ICT to support productivity and communication with the supervisor, co-workers, clients, and other colleagues.” (Hoang, Nickerson, Beckman, & Eng, 2008) and according to studies 47 percent of telecommuting workers report that they are more productive while working from home due to a lessening of stress and increased satisfaction in their career - while their employers glean the benefit of saving 63 percent of the cost of absenteeism and save thousands of dollars annually over traditionally employed workers. (Potter, 2003) While some may say that in order to function properly in a workplace you have to be in the workplace, with minor adjustments in technology on both the employer’s and employee’s part telecommuting has become a proven, viable way for businesses to function profitably while their workforce remains able to reduce the stress of commuting on their personal and family lives.