key tool in structural molecular biology and computer-assisted drug design. The goal of ligand—protein docking is to predict the predominant binding mode(s) of a ligand with a protein of known three-dimensional structure. Successful docking methods search high-dimensional spaces effectively and use a scoring function that correctly ranks candidate dockings. Garrett M. Morris and Marguerita Lim-Wilby, Molecular Docking, In Molecular Modeling of Proteins Methods in Molecular Biology, 2008, Volume 443
Essay – How search engines are making us more racist Search engines like Google or similar are something we use virtually every day, in fact, we search Google 3.5 billion times every day. The world we live in, we receive more information from search engines online than from teachers or books. Search engines find the best answers for your search by using algorithms that decide what information is being brought to you. The platform is made by a small group of people — that have limited knowledge
Definition: “Time Complexity of an algorithm signifies the total time required by the program to run to completion.The Time complexity of algorithm is most commonly expressed using the big O notation”. “Time Complexity is most commonly estimated by counting the number of elementary functions performed by the algorithm.” Big O Notation: Big O notation is an upper bound, the worst-case time; Big O notation is required to run an algorithm on various inputs. Example:
To the programming community the algorithms described in this chapter and their methods are known as feature selection algorithms. This theoretical subject has been examined by researchers for decades and a large number of methods have been proposed. The terms attribute and feature are interchangeable and refer to the predictor values throughout this chapter, and for the remainder of the thesis. In this theoretical way of thinking, dimensionality reduction techniques are typically made up of two
The system learns to infer a function from a collection of labeled training data. The training dataset contains a set of input features and several instance values for respective features. The predictive performance accuracy of a machine learning algorithm depends on the supervised learning scheme [8]. The aim of the inferred function may be to solve a regression or classification problem. There are several metrics used in the measurement of the learning task like accuracy, sensitivity, specificity
Multi-objective ant lion optimizer: a multi-objective optimization algorithm for solving engineering problems Introduction 1.1 Multi-objective optimization: Optimization techniques are reflected as one of the finest techniques for finding optimal design using machines. Multi-objective optimization “The main focus of this work” deals with finding solutions for problems having more than one objectives. And obviously there is more than one solution for such problems due to the nature of multi-objective
approaches to produce greater results with reduced resources (space, time). To answer the questions like Can something be efficient, yet small, easy and still perform herculean tasks. My area of interest is the study and contribution towards field of algorithms and optimized solutions. So I will undertake postgraduate study in Computer Science in Stony Brook University. To achieve this I plan to study the relevant disciplines which will enable me to accomplish what I desire. In my work experience and academics
path and distance between two vertices.The ap- plication in many areas of shortest path algorithms are such as geographical rout- ing, transportation, computer vision and VLSI design involve solving optimiza- tion problems on large planar graphs. To calculate the shortest path we need to know some algorithms like Kruskal's algorithm,Prim's algorithm,Dijkstra's algorithm,BellmanFord's algorithm. These algorithms have some advantages and limitations.Kruskal algorthm uses simpler data structures and
Between Logic and Heuristic* ABSTRACT: This article aims to construct a new type of logical calculi-logical heuristic calculus which contains the means of reducing complete search. Such a heuristic component of calculus is reached with the help of meta-level means. The principal means for reducing search is structural information about information about contrary literals of formula. There are two major approaches to studying the process of reasoning («problem-solving»). On one hand, it is
As I write this statement of purpose, I look back at my journey of a student who came from a very humble background and with hard work and sincerity towards academics he could pave his way to becoming a part of state’s top engineering college. My winding journey has generated an ample amount of confidence in me and today I stand firm with open arms to embrace the further challenges, both, personal as well as professional. In last three years of engineering I have developed a great amount of respect
actions would dramatically impact the world. After a great deal of self-evaluation and an exciting journey through my undergraduate education, I have come to realize that it is not as hard as I had imagined it to be. I find the success of the Google search engine that touches a million lives each day inspirational .It was after all a research project developed by its founders during their student days at a US university. I feel that such are probable prospects of a graduate education at a university
faster to find the item using the shorter hashed key than to find it using the original value. It is also used in many encryption algorithms Hash functions: Hash functions are mostly used in hash tables, to quickly locate a data record (for example, a dictionary definition) given its search key (the headword). Specifically, the hash function is used to map the search key to the index of a slot in the table where the corresponding record is supposedly stored. A hash table, or (a hash map), is a
other members, I started a new Avionics sub-team with a goal to capture more fl... ... middle of paper ... ... internal courses and online courses related to the field. These helped me gain knowledge and skills in basics of Machine Learning, Algorithms, Web and Database technologies. I strongly believe that my undergraduate studies, projects and work have prepared me well for graduate studies in my desired field, Machine Learning. Though online coursework and work experience have taught me
for 4 queens placement The data I have gathered is in the form of execution time required to find all possible unique solutions for a given number of queens. I have used two time stamps to find the actual execution time required for this serial algorithm. I have placed one timestamp named as 'start' at the beginning of the function and one timestamp named as 'end' after completion of this function. Then I have calculated the total execution time to find all solutions by simply taking the difference
Definition The concept cluster analysis includes a number algorithms and methods for grouping objects of similar kind into respective categories. From a general question it could face many areas of inquiry and how to organize observed data into meaningful structures. (TIBCO, 2018) . In other words, cluster analysis is an organizational method, which helps to perform and sort a pattern in between the data. It also allows you to find the connection between two objects distinct from each other or their
called “intractable or NP-hard. • Complexity of Problems Description Of Automata Theory: Automata Theory is an interesting and in theoretical branch of computer science .Automata is the study of "abstract" computing devices machines and their algorithms. • Also called theory of computation .irrelevant complications are dropped in order to focus on important concept. • Automata theory help ensure the safety critical systems are correct. • It helps create abstract models for
especially an asymptotic series, and in computer science, it is useful in the analysis of the complexity of algorithms. Big-O Notation is short for order of growth notation. It is defined as given two function t(n) and g(n), we say that t(n) = O(g(n)) if there exist a positive constant A and some number N such that t(n) <= A g(n) for all n > n T(n) means the running time of the algorithm on a problem of size N. (Sestoft, p. 105) Big-O basically means that t(n) asymptotically (only for large n)
started in the Arab countries by Al Khwarizmi, also known as the “father of algebra” or the “second father of algebra”. Al Khwarizmi did most of his work in the 9th century. Khwarizmi was a scientist, mathematician, astrologer, and author. The term algorithm used in algebra came from his name. Khwarizmi solved linear and quadratic equations, which paved the way for algebra problems that are now taught in middle school and high school. The word algebra even came from his book titled Al-jabr. In his book
Turing: Concept of Computation Turing's analysis of the concept of computation is indisputably the foundation of computationalism, which is, in turn, the foundation of cognitive science. What is disputed is whether computationalism is explanatorily bankrupt. For Turing, all computers are digital computers and something becomes a (digital) computer just in case its 'behavior' is interpreted as implementing, executing, or satisfying some (mathematical) function 'f'. As 'computer' names a nonnatural
Mathematics has always been a necessary component in modern warfare. During the World War II era, mathematicians Alan Turing and John von Neumann were responsible for some of the technological and scientific developments which contributed Allied victory. After considering their accomplishments before the war, their contributions during the war, and how they were recognized after the war, you will see that each mathematician is remembered very differently for their contributions. Turing is barely