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Characteristics of Heuristic method
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Between Logic and Heuristic*
ABSTRACT: This article aims to construct a new type of logical calculi-logical heuristic calculus which contains the means of reducing complete search. Such a heuristic component of calculus is reached with the help of meta-level means. The principal means for reducing search is structural information about information about contrary literals of formula.
There are two major approaches to studying the process of reasoning («problem-solving»).
On one hand, it is necessary to discover and investigate correct modes of reasoning in which the property of «truth» is preserved. This task which can be formulated as the question «what is a correct reasoning (proof)?» is considered in Logic. In order to decide this problem, Logic is based upon the concept of «logical form». There is a special syntactical method to deal with this concept—the method of construction of a logical calculus. In this respect, the calculus in question is a «black box» which guarantees the «true» conclusion under the «true» premisses. Thus, Logic (logical form) gives the answer for the question about correct reasoning— «the correct reasoning is a proof». But logical syntax, as a «black box»— calculus, isn’t interested in the real process of derivation building, in studying the question about methods of proof-search, in studying and construction a more manageable and efficient machinery of «truth» preserving. Availability of any method of exhaustive (complete) search, e.g. «British museum algorithm», is quite enough for Logic (logical form).
On the other hand, the process of «problem-solving» can be investigated in the light of the following question: «how is it possible to build a piece of correct reasoning?». This task is considered in Heuristic. Heuristic investigates general principles and methods of «problem-solving». Computer Heuristic (computer heuristic method) is a system of rules (a rule) for essential reducing the complete search, i.e. heuristic methods are opposed to exhaustive search methods.
The area of intersection of Logic and Computer Heuristic is proof-seach theory (PST), which investigates possible methods of «problem-solving» («how is it possible to build a proof?») in some calculus. PST deals with the heuristic component of proof systems. More precisely, the aim of proof-search theory can be defined as follows: «discovering, on the basis of a calculus and an entity in the calculus in question of the structure of a possible derivation of this entity, a derivation which is interesting in some respect».(1) Thus, proof-search theory can be included into the logical pragmatic (look at Fig.
Mill, J. S. (2000). System of Logic Ratiocinative and Inductive. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of production, it was the age of destruction, it was the epoch of nativism, it was the epoch of racism, it was the season of skepticism, it was the season of anti-communism, it was the spring of gain, it was the winter of loss – in short, it was the 1920's. Indeed, the decade of the 1920s was a truly “roaring” and prosperous time, but at the same time, it was a period of chaos and conflict. The events that happened during this decade influenced the world as we know it today. More importantly, the thought that the 1920’s was an era of major change in the United States, both positive and negative, is indeed fascinating and it deserves thorough examination.
Musui’s Story is the exciting tale of a low class samurai’s life towards the end of the Tokugawa era. Although one would normally imagine a samurai to be a noble illustrious figure, Musui’s Story portrays the rather ignominious life of an unemployed samurai. Nonetheless, this primary account demonstrates the tenacity of samurai values and privileges present at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate. The social status of samurai had been elevated to such a state that even someone like Musui was easily able to gain influence in everyday affairs with his privileges. Not only that, but he had retained his values as a warrior and still kept great pride for his arts in weaponry.
Substance abuse affects the entire body, in The Black Cat it affects the narrators personality and his mood but alcohol can also have physical affects on the body. From the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, they state that alcohol can interfere with your brains communication pathways, and can also affects the way your brain works and looks in the long run. They state also along with what happens to the brain that it can disrupt mood and behavior, make it harder to think clear and move with coordinating skills. We can see how this applies to our narrator, he becomes angry and moody. He is thoughtless and doesn't care about his actions changing him from a caring, delightful human being to someone who could murder and sleep soundly through the night.
The life of Edgar Allan Poe, was stuffed with tragedies that all affected his art. From the very start of his writing career, he adored writing poems for the ladies in his life. When he reached adulthood and came to the realization of how harsh life could be, his writing grew to be darker and more disturbing, possibly as a result of his intense experimenting with opium and alcohol. His stories continue to be some of the most frightening stories ever composed, because of this, some have considered this to be the reason behind these themes. Many historians and literature enthusiasts have presumed his volatile love life as the source while others have credited it to his substance abuse. The influence of his one-of-a-kind writing is more than likely a combination of both theories; but the main factor is the death of many of his loved ones and the abuse which he endured. This, not surprisingly, darkened his perspective considerably.
"Harlem Renaissance". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 20 Apr. 2014
At some point in our lives, we have wondered about the possibility of a computer being able to think. John Searle addresses this issue in his paper, “Can Computers Think?”, where he argues that computers cannot think because they are directed by formal information. This means that the information presented is only syntax with no semantics behind it. In this paper, I will elaborate more on Searle’s position and reasoning whilst critiquing his argument by saying that it is possible to derive semantics from syntax. Finally, I will analyze the significance of my criticism and present a possible response from Searle to defend his argument.
Kellner, Bruce, ed. The Harlem Renaissance: A Historical Dictionary for the Era. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1984
With the introduction of Gödel’s paper in 1931, a whole new world of mathematics was open for Turing. In 1935 Turing became aware that the question of Decidability, or the Entscheidungsproblem, which asks could there exist a method or process by which it could be decided whether a given mathematical assertion was provable, was still open. He provided a negative answer by defining a definite method or an algorithm in today’s terms. He analyzed the characteristics of a methodical process and how to perform that process and expressed his findings in the terms of a theoretical machine that would be able to perform the operations on symbols on a paper tape. This correspondence between operations, the human mind and a machine that was designed to embody a certain physical form was Turing’s contribution (Huertas).
This essay will consist in an exposition and criticism of the Verification Principle, as expounded by A.J. Ayer in his book Language, Truth and Logic. Ayer, wrote this book in 1936, but also wrote a new introduction to the second edition ten years later. The latter amounted to a revision of his earlier theses on the principle.It is to both accounts that this essay shall be referring.
The Harlem Renaissance refers to a prolific period of unique works of African-American expression from about the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Although it is most commonly associated with the literary works produced during those years, the Harlem Renaissance was much more than a literary movement; similarly, it was not simply a reaction against and criticism of racism. The Harlem Renaissance inspired, cultivated, and, most importantly, legitimated the very idea of an African-American cultural consciousness. Concerned with a wide range of issues and possessing different interpretations and solutions of these issues affecting the Black population, the writers, artists, performers and musicians of the Harlem Renaissance had one important commonality: "they dealt with Black life from a Black perspective." This included the use of Black folklore in fiction, the use of African-inspired iconography in visual arts, and the introduction of jazz to the North.[i] In order to fully understand the lasting legacies of the Harlem Renaissance, it is important to examine the key events that led to its beginnings as well as the diversity of influences that flourished during its time.
In "The Black Cat," the author, Edgar Allan Poe, uses a first person narrator who is portrayed as a maniac. Instead of having a loving life with his wife and pets, the narrator has a cynical attitude towards them due to his mental instability as well as the consumption of alcohol. The narrator is an alcoholic who takes out his own insecurities on his family. It can be very unfortunate and in some cases even disastrous to be mentally unstable. Things may take a turn for the worst when alcohol is involved, not only in the narrator's case, but in many other cases as well. Alcohol has numerous affects on people, some people may have positive affects while others, like the narrator in "The Black Cat," may have negative affects like causing physical and mental abuse to those he loved. The combination of the narrator's mental instability along with the consumption of alcohol caused the narrator to lose control of his mind as well as his actions leading him to the brink of insanity. Though the narrator is describing his story in hopes that the reader feels sympathy towards him, he tries to draw the attention to his abuse of alcohol to demonstrate the negative affects that it can take on your life as well as destroy it in the end.
Philosophical approaches, deixis can be as indexical expressions may be usefully approached by considering how truth-conditional semantics deals with certain natural language expression. For example:
There are many historical aspects of the Japanese, but the most interesting is the history of the Samurai. In Japans history war played a large role in the country. Controlling clans fought for parts of the land and overall control of the country. These clans were powerful families that resided in the country and who all wanted power and control of Japan for themselves. The families that would be in control were known as Shoguns. These shoguns would have warriors that fought for them if any of the other clan families would try to attack him in order to overthrow him and take his power from him. The Samurai followed a code that developed from Chinese beliefs when in battle. The Samurais code was known as the Bushido. This code was also known as “The Way of The Warrior” which was the main belief s...
Fuzzy logic is a subject in its own right as a mathematical; also it is a subunit of artificial intelligence. The aim of fuzzy logic is, to draw conclusions closer to life by modelling human’s t...