Free RNA splicing Essays and Papers

Potential Benefits in Inequality? The Protective Role of U1 snRNP Pre-mRNA in eukaryotes is spliced by the spliceosome, an RNA-protein complex, in which U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6 snRNPs are equal components. However, U1 is more abundant than other snRNPs in cells. U1 snRNP has been found to functions other than splicing, namely in protecting pre-mRNA from premature cleavage and polyadenylation. This protective role may account for its increased levels within cells. In eukaryotic cells, pre-mRNA undergoes

transcribed by RNA polymerase enzymes. The transcription begins at the promoter sequence on the DNA and works down, thus the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA is complimentary to the one of DNA. In eukaryotes the mRNA is processed in the nucleus before transport to the cytoplasm for translation. In order for the mRNA to become true functioning RNA it must under go several stages of modification. At first, when the mRNA is produced, a cap is added enzymaticully to the 5¹ end of the RNA by linking

Ribozymes are catalytic molecules that cleave the ribonucleic acid (RNA) at specific sequences (Gesteland et al. 2006). RNA is the nucleic acid that is made in the process of transcription; when the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) anneals, it transcribes itself into a linear stranded molecule called RNA. In order for RNA to synthesise proteins, it requires catalytic enzymes to perform certain chemical reactions. In the past, it was thought that all chemical reactions are catalysed by protein enzymes;

1.1 Non-coding RNAs The central dogma of molecular biology states that genetic information is conveyed from DNA to mRNA to protein implying that proteins are the main functional genetic output (Crick 1970). Even those few early known non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, snoRNAs and splicosomal RNAs were in the end required for mRNA processing and translation. The dogma might still be applicable to prokaryotes whose genome consists of approx. 90 % protein-coding

What is meant by mutation ? In biology , a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism , virus , or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetric elements. Mutations result from errors during DNA replication or other types of damage to DNA, which then may undergo error-phone repair. Or cause an error during other forms of repair or else may cause an error during replication . Mutations may also result from insertion or deletion of segments of DNA due to

and provide genetic coding for each individual and organism. They contain instructions for building proteins (Freeman). DNA and RNA are involved in the genetic up keep of the hereditary information. The hereditary information is then expressed by involving two kinds of products, which include transcription and translation of the genetic coding of DNA or RNA. DNA and RNA are the genetic information that organisms with hold. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains four nucleotides, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate

Now, IF2 assists the initiator t-RNA and mRNA to bind the 30S subunit. The exact order that these bind is unknown, but the specificity for mRNA binding is a region on the 16S ribosomal subunit that recognizes the Shine-Delgarno consensus sequence on the 5’ end of the mRNA molecule. The initiator t-RNA (fMet-tRNAfmet) binds in three steps. First, it associates with the complex in a codon-independent manner, then it finds

The origin of Life There are many theories where life came from, but none of them is proven to be the right one. The obvious theory that life originated on earth is not accepted by everyone. One reason of disbelief in this theory that life originated on earth is a lack of time. It was an early belief that life originated through a slow and long process (many scientists do not share this belief though), probably too short and too long for the time life had on our planet. Life must have been formed

The antibodies are the third line defense mechanism where they are presented on the B cells’ plasma membrane and function as antigen receptors (Karp, 2013). The B cells in our body are capable of producing antibodies, one of the proteins in our body. The number of antibodies in human body is more than 1012 and they are produced with or without the stimulation from antigens (Alberts et al., 2002). However, the number of genes encoding for antibodies is only approximately 20000 genes (Reece et al.

2 It does not stop there. Various EBOV outbreaks have fatally infected tens of thousands of chimpan-zees, duikers and gorillas. It those areas it is a great threat to the wildlife.3 EBOV belongs to the order of the nonsegmented negative-sense (NNS)RNA type viruses, the Mononegavirales and it is part of the family Filoviridae. EBOV is a member of the genus Ebolavirus. This genus has five distinct species: Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, Su-dam ebolavirus, Taï Forest ebola virus and Reston

With the advent of RNA-seq analysis, we have identified numerous lncRNAs in the picturesque landscape of our genome. In our quest to explore the functional roles played by these regulatory molecules, knockdown/knockout studies may play an essential role in elucidating their role. In the recent decade, many tools have been developed to knockdown ncRNAs. While adopting any strategy to downregulate lncRNAs, there are certain issues like the localization of gene silencing machinery and lncRNA, hindrance

translation to occur. The processing steps includes 5’ capping, 3’ polyadenylation and RNA splicing. RNA splicing is an essential posttranscriptional modification which increases protein diversity and regulates the development and growth of cells. The splicing events include the removal of introns from the precursor mRNA and occur at the spliceosome. Splicing factors (SFs) are proteins involved in the splicing event and can regulate alternative splice site by the binding to specific cis-acting sequence

What are micro RNAs? Micro RNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNAs that are involved in regulating the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). Over 1000 miRNAs have been identified which control approximately 60% of the protein coding genes1. The miRNAs are on average 23 nucleotides long, with nucleotides 2-7 acting as the seed region. The seed region is needed for specific mRNA interactions and mutations occur in this region it can disrupt the miRNA, mRNA Watson-Crick base pairing2. mRNA is stabilized

transcripted into RNA that does not code protein [1],which popularly called non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs). These transcripts fall into several classes based on their length, biogenesis, polarity (sense or antisense), and putative functions. A classification set it as long and small ncRNAs depending upon length of the transcript. Small ncRNAs include Piwi-interacting RNAs(piRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs(miRNAs), and some bacterial regulatory RNAs[2]. By contrast, the long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)

from one another by other sequences called “spacers”. These “spacers” contain the sequences of previous pathogens and viruses that the immune system has encountered before, allowing the body to “remember” what is or isn’t harmful. Crispr works by splicing the DNA sequence so that the system will remember the DNA sequence of the virus, and will be able to destroy it again in the future. A new “spacer” will appear each time a new pathogen or virus invades, creating this Crispr region, which is essentially

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a form of muscular dystrophy and is recessive and X-linked. This means that females can be carrier of the disease while males are affected by this disease. No female would be affected by this disease, because affected males would not be able to reproduce. DMD is a form of muscular dystrophy that is caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene, which encodes for dystrophin, a cytoskeletal protein that forms a protein complex and connects the cytoskeleton of muscle

One term that I have heard used out of context a numerous amount of times, which is very misused, is the term “retarded”. This term has been used by your average Joe and is used in terms of joking matters, or has even been used in movies as a joke. The meaning behind this term is actually nowhere near joking matters and someone who is considered in “mental retardation” conditions lives a dysfunctional life compared to your average Joe that is using this term out of its actual use. Mental retardation

which allows transcription to take place. Introns are present in the initial RNA transcript, known as pre-mRNA. They

RNA processing helps to generate isoforms of many genes, these isoforms are basically mRNA that are derived from the same locus but they are different in their transcription start site, protein coding DNA sequence. Regulated expression of these isoforms have a functional role, particularly in those tissues with high expression (for example the pancreas). mutations that affect only certain isoforms of HNF1A lead to different influences on beta-cell dysfunction and diabetic phenotype. RNA processing

peckles and Assembles Transcription and Splicing Components into Complexes through Its Amino and Carboxyl Regions." Molecular and Cellular Biology 26.13 (2006): 4998-5014. Molecular and Cellular Biology. Web. . (4,7) Kodama, Yutaka, and Chang-Deng Hu. "Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC): A 5-year Update and Future Perspectives." BioTechniques 53.5 (2012): 285-98. BioTechniques. Web. . (8) Shilatifard, Ali, et al. "Ell2, a New Member of an Ell Family of Rna Polymerase Ii Elongation Factors."