Benefits Of DNA Sequencing: What Can The DNA Tell Us?

According to Yourgenome.org, Gene therapy is basically when the DNA is introduced into a patient to treat a genetic disease. Precisely, the new DNA contains a functioning gene typically to correct effects of a disease-causing mutation. Typically, there are two types of gene therapy, but they are different depending on the kinds of cells treated. There is somatic gene therapy and germline gene therapy. Additionally, there are also some techniques used to carry out gene therapy.

Currently, genetic engineering can be used on crops, human proteins, and plants, raising the question, “Will the human manipulation of DNA provide significant benefits to today’s society?” Humans manipulate DNA either through a procedure called gene cloning, or a technique known as transgenesis. Transgenesis involves incorporating foreign DNA into organisms. DNA is a long double helix molecule, found in essentially all living organisms. DNA consists of nucleotide subunits, and can

This entire process is better known as the gene expression. On a DNA molecule, each gene directs the synthesis of a special type of RNA called messenger RNA. This mRNA molecule works in conjunction with the cell’s protein synthesizing mechanisms to direct the production of a polypeptide chain, which ultimately results in the formation of a protein. Protein synthesis occurs on the ribosomes. However, DNA is found in the nucleus.

Question #101: Genetic coding, expression, transcription and translation Genes are past down from generation to generation and provide genetic coding for each individual and organism. They contain instructions for building proteins (Freeman). DNA and RNA are involved in the genetic up keep of the hereditary information. The hereditary information is then expressed by involving two kinds of products, which include transcription and translation of the genetic coding of DNA or RNA. DNA and RNA are the genetic information that organisms with hold.

Genetic testing is becoming more and more common as advancements in biotechnology are being made. The term “genetic testing” refers to the use of a test that looks for changes in a person’s genes or structure of certain proteins (National Human Genome Research Institute [NHGRI], 2014). Genes are decoded and each letter of the DNA sequence can be determined. There are many uses for this type of testing, including, but not limited to, diagnosis of rare genetic disorders, risk analysis for hereditary diseases, and determining appropriate treatments for patients. There are three types of genetic tests: gene tests, which look at fairly short lengths of DNA or RNA, chromosomal tests, which examine whole chromosomes, and biochemical tests, which test protein levels and/or enzyme activities (NHGRI, 2014).

Advantage : PCR produces a billions of copies of a specific DNA sequence, which allows detection and identification of gene sequences using visual techniques based on size and charge. through out PCR technology can applied on study gene , diagnosis of genetic and infectious diseases Forensic applications. [3] Limitation : The specificity to produce new DNA strands and yelled may be altered by nonspecific binding of the primers to other similar sequences on the template DNA or by sample contamination. [3] 5. Describe and explain what the following types of PCR are: ● DOP-PCR is new method used to amplify sufficient amounts of DNA from small amounts of

Michael Beirne Mrs. Parks Honors Biology 11 April 2014 DNA Fingerprinting and PCR DNA fingerprinting, or sometimes known as DNA typing, is isolating and developing images of sequences of DNA to evaluate the DNA in an individual’s cells. DNA fingerprinting today is used for many different things in many different areas of science. In forensic science, DNA typing can determine which person did which crime by using blood or skin left at a crime scene. In medical science, patients can find out who their siblings, parents, or children are by using DNA fingerprinting (webmd).

Know that DNA synthesis is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called DNA polymerases. Understand that DNA polymerase has a requirement for a template on which to synthesize the new DNA strand, and for a primer from which to extend the DNA strand. 3. Understand the various functions of the RNA polymerases, such as exonuclease and polymerase activities, and their function in the replication process. 4.

New DNA can be made from this sequence of bases resulting in artificial gene made from complementary DNA. By using Messenger RNA- mRNA molecules carrying the code for insulin are common in the cytoplasm of insulin. Or using DNA probes to find the gene required-A probe is a short single strand of DNA carrying the known genetic code we are looking for. So the location of the DNA probe is known, it is labelled with a radioactive fluorescent marker. The aim is for the probe to attach to its complementary base sequence within DNA extracted from human cells.

Each base’s chemistry renders it specifically complementary with one other base (A-T and C-G). When two complementary strands of DNA come together, base-pairs form between the nucleotides, resulting in the familiar double-stranded double helix structure. The sequence of nucleotides codes for genetic information through what is known as the “central dogma” of molecular biology (DNA  RNA  protein). This process in which the sequence of a strand of DNA (a “gene”) is translated into a protein is known as “gene expression.” Ribonucleic acid (RNA), a single-stranded molecule, is formed inside the nucleus with bases complementary to the nucleotide sequence within the strand of DNA being coded for. This process is known as “transcription” because the RNA molecule, through its complementary sequence, is essentially transcribing the nucleotide sequence of the gene located on that specific section of the DNA strand.