and this leukocyte trafficking is governed by chemokines and their receptors [1]. Chemokines are a superfamily of small structurally related chemotactic cytokines, which are involved in leukocyte trafficking and activation [3]. Chemokines have been found to play major roles in selectively recruiting monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, as well as in inducing chemotaxis through the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors [4]. Additionally, chemokines and their receptors have been identified as
WHAT IS AIDS? AIDS stand for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ACQUIRED, how? The blood, vaginal fluid, semen, and breast milk of people with the AIDS virus contains enough of the virus to transmit it to another person. Most people who have acquired the AIDS virus have done so by having sex with an infected person, sharing a needle with one, or being born to a mother who is infected. IMMUNE DEFICIENCY? Catching the AIDS virus can be lethal because it affects the immune system, which is
local inflammation enriches tissue in oxygen, nitrogen and free radicals that kill pathogens, and can directly cause DNA damage, and DNA mutations (3). The immune system has the capacity to mediate repair of damaged tissues, by releasing cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, these agents can directly or indirectly stimulate tumor cell proliferation (4). Inflammatory cells appear also to have a crucial role in vessel formation, and they may provide tumors with required components, and play an important
defence mechanism against infection from injuries. Physical stimuli such as change in temperature, UV radiation, or skin irritation may cause release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines that ensure the immune system provide suitable defence, chemokine that bring leukocytes to the inflammation site, eicosanoids, neuropeptides, etc. Inflammation could be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is an immediate response to trauma; in which the body fights against foreign bodies and heal wounds. Inflammatory
Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition leading to destruction of connective tissues and migration of the gingival attachment to create a pocket (1). Periodontal disease begins with bacterial growth in the mouth which leads to tooth loss if it is not treated properly. In the early stage of this disease bacteria grow in plaque, causing a swelling or inflammation in gums that can damage the tissues which surround the teeth. These changes are induced by the diffusion of bacterial products through
involve a double-stranded RNA–mediated pathway, suggesting that active rhinovirus replication triggers production of cytokines and chemokines that are necessary for the recruitment of inflammatory cells as well as being part of the host antiviral response. Rhinovirus infection of bronchial ECs induces the secretion of a wide variety of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Thus, the epithelium not only serves as a target and possible reservoir for the infecting virus but also is the site and source
restricting their production in the bone marrow. During infection, Th2 cells produce and release IL-5 which triggers the bone marrow to increase the production of eosinophils and releases them into circulation. Chemokines (CCL5,CCL7, CCL11, and CCL13) control the migration in tissues. These chemokines bind to a receptor, CCR3, expressed by eosinophils. Exotoxin, CCL11, plays an important role regarding the migration of eosinophils from the bone marrow. CCL11 is produced by activated endothelial cells, T
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Prevent Cognate Differentiation Into Adipose Tissue, Cartilage, and Bone. J Bone Miner Res, 2005. 20: 1647–1658. doi: 10.1359/JBMR.050514 Yang K, Wang XQ, He YS, et al. Advanced glycation end products induce chemokine/cytokine production via activation of p38 pathway and inhibit proliferation and migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cardiovasc Diabetol, 2010, 9:66. Toth C, Rong L, Yang C, et al. Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGEs)
In module 1.3 - Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity, we have learned a partial overview of immune tolerance and autoimmunity in the section of immune responses. Immune tolerance is when the immune system tolerates self-antigens and does not attack its own body’s cells, tissues, and organs, whereas autoimmunity results in attacking its own healthy cells and tissues that could lead to various autoimmune diseases. I found Ian Mackay’s (2001) scientific journal, “Tolerance and Autoimmunity,” helpful because
Pain and inflammation, both are protective responses in living organisms. However, these self-limiting conditions (with established negative feedback loops) become pathological if left uncontrolled. This review explains nociception and inflammation briefly. This is followed by detailed description of role of immune and related cells in peripheral sensitization, phenomenon of neurogenic inflammation, and, alterations at sensory ganglia and CNS due to immune system during nociception. Innate immunity
Chronic Myeloid leukemia (CML) is a blood and bone marrow disease that slowly progresses. The disease usually occurs in middle aged or older individuals and rarely occurs in children. In CML, an unusually high number of blood stem cells become granulocytes. These granulocytes, also called leukemia cells are irregular in shape and do not develop into healthy white blood cells. Eventually, they concentrate in the blood leaving no room for healthy cells which may lead to infection, anemia, or bleeding
History of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), specific group of diseases or conditions that result from suppression of the immune system, related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A person infected with HIV gradually loses immune function along with certain immune cells called CD4 T-lymphocytes or CD4 T-cells, causing the infected person to become vulnerable to pneumonia, fungus infections, and other common ailments. With the
Whooping cough is a highly contagious and acute respiratory disease caused by an aerobic Gram negative encapsulated coco-bacillus bacterium, Bordetella pertussis. It is a strict human pathogen with no known animal or environmental reservoirs and an air-borne disease. On inhalation, Bordetella pertussis colonizes the ciliated cells of the bronchio-epithelium to cause disease characterised by; epithelial damage, hyper mucus secretion, pulmonary edema and paroxysmal coughing. It is often accompanied
1. Goodpasture syndrome it is a unique and rare autoimmune disease characterized by a type II hypersensitivity reaction leading to formation of antiantibodies against the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). These anti-GBM antibodies attack α 3 chain of the type IV collagen cells located in the renal glomeruli and pulmonary alveoli. The result of this interaction expresses in inflammatory responses and tissue damages in the kidneys and the lungs. In the Goodpasture syndrome, the T- and B- cell
Efficient communication between cells is crucial in governing cellular activities. Cytokines are a key element of the cell signaling process and mediate communication among cells. Cytokines are a type of small proteins released by cells that have an effect on the behavior of other cells. There are several different types of cytokines including interleukins, interferons, and tumour necrosis factor. Many different types of cells can produce cytokines, such as immune cells like macrophages, mast cells
Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of world-wide cancer-related death in men after lung cancer (WCRF International), and in Australia, it accounts for 30% of all new cancers in men and 13.4% of all cancer deaths in men (Cancer Australia). Currently, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is the most commonly used serum biomarker for prostate cancer most routinely used by urologists. However, PSA-based screening has been shown to have high false positives and false negatives with low specificity
I am a twenty year old Biomedical Science student of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Since I was very young I was fully amused for nature. I want to be a scientist because the work of a scientist involves curiosity and imagination. I like the process of getting results, establishing relationships between them, wondering about possible explanations, and keep exploring and learning. I have been always interested in Biology; I had a participation in an International Biology Olympiad in
Antimicrobial agents are essential in healthcare today, because they are used to treat diseases and infections that has a negative impact on the human body. Without antimicrobial agents, there would be a tremendous increase in the prevalence of death related to diseases and infections. “An antimicrobial is an agent that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms. The microbial agent may be a chemical compounds and physical agents. These agents interfere with the growth and reproduction of causative
Nanoparticles are defined as particulate materials with at least one dimension of less than 100 nanometers (nm), even the particles could be zero dimension in the case of quantum dots (Bar et al., 2009). Metal nanoparticles have been of great interest due to their distinctive features such as catalytic, optical, magnetic and electrical properties (Rassaei et al., 2008). Nanoparticles present a high surface area to volume ratio with decrease in the size of the particles. Specific surface area
Some severe asthmatics who require high doses of ICS and prednisone appear to be susceptible to recurrent infections. Bacterial infections can lead to chronic lower airway inflammation and worsening of asthma. This is widely believed to be a result of steroid usage which suppresses the inflammatory response. However, a recent study by Zuccaro et al., has reported a relationship between HDAC activity and the expression of scavenger receptors on macrophages, which may suggest an underlying predisposition