Rhinovirus Introduction: To begin with, we already know that every year someone of the family, friends or even ourselves have exposure to be infected by the common colds. However, have you ever wonder about the cause of these illnesses or infections that we had experience? The higher percentage of all common colds worldwide were because of the Rhinoviruses, which is responsible for more cases of human illness than any other infectious agent. Let us figure out about this virus and how can we prevent ourselves from it. Morphology: Rhinovirus is one of the Picornaviridae viruses family, it is small (30 nm), non-enveloped, and icosahedral (20-sided) capsid virus. Contain a single-stranded, non-segmented RNA genome and four structural proteins …show more content…
The VP4 is the smallest one of the four proteins, which has a more extended structure and lies at the interface between the capsid and the RNA genome. There are 60 copies of each of these proteins collected as an icosahedron. On the exterior regions of VP1-VP3, there are antibodies and epitopes. Epidemiology: The RVs significantly cause upper respiratory tract infection specifically the common cold, as well as a minor cause of bronchiolitis. In addition, Rhinoviruses Are now linked to exacerbations of the chronic pulmonary disease, asthma development, and, more recently, severe bronchiolitis in infants and children as well as fatal pneumonia in elderly and immunocompromised adults. …show more content…
The symptoms start to show up due to this period and greatest in one to three days. RV like most respiratory viruses replicates primarily in airway ECs. By attaching to ICAM-1 the RV gets the ticket to pass in the cell. Moreover, the RV infection induces expression of ICAM-1 to further the availability of receptors for rhinovirus to bind to and infect the cell. The stimulation of gene expression in rhinovirus-infected ECs appears to involve a double-stranded RNA–mediated pathway, suggesting that active rhinovirus replication triggers production of cytokines and chemokines that are necessary for the recruitment of inflammatory cells as well as being part of the host antiviral response. Rhinovirus infection of bronchial ECs induces the secretion of a wide variety of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Thus, the epithelium not only serves as a target and possible reservoir for the infecting virus but also is the site and source of initial inflammatory response. Cytokines that secreted by the ECs attract neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. Besides, macrophages may be infected in part by rhinovirus released from the
After an incubation period of five to ten days, or as long as 21 days, numerous symptoms can be observed. The symptoms come in two stages. The first stage consists of common cold symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, low-grade fever, and a mild cough. It is during this time that the disease is most contagious, and it lasts from one to two weeks.
Croup: Croup is another common airway inflammation caused by virus that can affect the trachea, larynx and possibility the bronchi (Murray, Sidani, & Zoorob, 2011) thus causing infection in the upper respiratory tract. Murray et al. describes it as the most common illness in children under the age of 6 to 36 months and cause for cough mostly when a child cries; acute stridor and hoarseness in febrile children (Murray et al., 2011). It can be a life-threatening situation in the life of the young infant and the family. Croup symptoms exhibit as hoarseness, barking cough, inspiratory stridor, and respiratory distress. I chose this diagnosis as my first preference because when I read the mother’s subjective report it matches that of croup symptoms: a barking cough, no fever, severe at night and when the baby cries, fatigue due to excessiveness of the tears, pain due to inflames and swollen of the airway. Murray et al., led us to understand that the etiologies of this viral causing agent can be traced to the parainfluenza viruses, type 1. (2011). This virus is commonly spread through contact or droplet secretion.
Craven , D., & Hjalmarson, K. (2010). Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis and pneumonia: thinking outside the box. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication Of The Infectious Diseases Society Of America , 1, p.S59-66. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?sid=44b983f2-9b91-407c-a053-fd8507d9a657@sessionmgr4002&vid=9&hid=116&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ==
Well have you ever wonder what Multiple Sclerosis? Today i'm going to explain to what MS(Multiple Sclerosis) is so I hope that you enjoy.
Haas, D. F. (1990). The Chronic Bronchitis And EMPHYSEMA. New York,NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
It's time! We're ready to start diving into my specialty: performance-enhancing nutraceuticals. And No, I'm not referring to steroids or Viagra. I'm talking about probably the most-overlooked and maybe the most secretive performance-enhancing nutraceuticals available: nootropics, aka cognitive enhancers!
...rticular protein, called MAVS, which is key to our innate ability to fight certain viral infections, acquires a self-perpetuating fibrillar form in cells that have become infected with virus and amplifies the cellular alarm signal. [7] This ultimately induces the production of interferons that recruit macrophages to combat the infection. [7]
Lupus is known as “the cruel mystery” in the world of disease/medicine. 1.5 million Americans are currently diagnosed with Lupus, with the number possibly being a lot higher since it is one of the most difficult diseases to diagnose in the WORLD (5 Million some form of Lupus)
The virus is primarily spherical shaped and roughly 200nm in size, surrounded by a host-cell derived membrane. Its genome is minus-sense single-stranded RNA 16-18 kb in length. It contains matrix protein inside the envelope, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, fusion protein, nucleocapsid protein, and L and P proteins to form the RNA polymerase. The host-cell receptors on the outside are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The virus is allowed to enter the cell when the hemagglutinin/ neuraminidase glycoproteins fuse with the sialic acid on the surface of the host cell, and the capsid enters the cytoplasm. The infected cells express the fusion protein from the virus, and this links the host cells together to create syncitia.
A person who has been infected by the disease may experience signs of fatigue, loss of appetite, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and a red rash that appears blotchy. Generally the signs become present between ten and twenty-one days after the person has been exposed to and infected by the virus (Silverstein et al., 1998). This is what is known as the incubation period (Plum, J., 2001). The rash is most likely to begin on the chest, back, or the scalp, but will soon spread to the rest of the body. After a couple days of having physical evidence of the infection, the rash will s...
Liam is a previously healthy boy who has experienced rhinorrhoea, intermittent cough, and poor feeding for the past four days. His positive result of nasopharyngeal aspirate for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) indicates that Liam has acute bronchiolitis which is a viral infection (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). “Bronchiolitis is the commonest reason for admission to hospital in the first 6 months of life. It describes a clinical syndrome of cough tachypnoea, feeding difficulties and inspiratory crackles on chest auscultation” (Fitzgerald, 2011, p.160). Bronchiolitis can cause respiratory distress and desaturation (91% in the room air) to Liam due to airway blockage; therefore the infant appears to have nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal retractions, and tachypnoea (54 breathes/min) during breathing (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Tachycardia (152 beats/min) could occur due to hypoxemia and compensatory mechanism for low blood pressure (74/46mmHg) (Fitzgerald, 2011; Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Moreover, Liam has fever and conjunctiva injection which could be a result of infection, as evidenced by high temperature (38.6°C) and bilateral tympanic membra...
If I could have everyone's attention. Good-morning ladies and gentlemen. For those of you who don't know me my name is Jasmine Davenport. Today I’d like to discuss traumatic brain injury also referred to as TBI. I chose this topic because traumatic brain injury is a serious and complex injury with a broad spectrum of symptoms and disabilities. Traumatic brain injury effects people of all ages and is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. A traumatic brain injury can be caused by a blow or jolt to the head that disrupts normal functions of the brain Also, traumatic brain injury can cause physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral affects.
Chronic bronchitis is a disorder that causes inflammation to the airway, mainly the bronchial tubules. It produces a chronic cough that lasts three consecutive months for more than two successive years (Vijayan,2013). Chronic Bronchitis is a member of the COPD family and is prominently seen in cigarette smokers. Other factors such as air pollutants, Asbestos, and working in coal mines contributes to inflammation. Once the irritant comes in contact with the mucosa of the bronchi it alters the composition causing hyperplasia of the glands and producing excessive sputum (Viayan,2013). Goblet cells also enlarge to contribute to the excessive secretion of sputum. This effects the cilia that carry out the mechanism of trapping foreign bodies to allow it to be expelled in the sputum, which are now damaged by the irritant making it impossible for the person to clear their airway. Since the mechanism of airway clearance is ineffective, the secretion builds up a thickened wall of the bronchioles causing constriction and increasing the work of breathing. The excessive build up of mucous could set up pneumonia. The alveoli are also damaged enabling the macrophages to eliminate bacteria putting the patient at risk for acquiring an infection.
Do you ever wonder how you regenerate your skin cells when you get a cut or when you scrape your knee on the pavement. Today i am here to tell you about skin regeneration and how it heals you and lastly how would life be without skin cell regeneration and the future upgrades of skin cell regeneration. First of all since humans existed they were able to heal but took them some time to heal because of the lack of medication to prevent infection or for it to heal properly. But they still had a small chance of them to live because of infections. With today’s technology people are able to heal cuts faster and have no infection due to the medication we have today so be glad you live in this time period.
Innate system critical main defense is the cellular component; there are several kinds of cells involved in the process. One of the crucial cells is the macrophage. ...