Carpenter et al., related the phosphorus (P) loadings, exports and concentration in the Yahara chain (a group of four lakes) in Wisconsin, USA, to some load reduction plans. The authors expected that the water quality enhancement should be in balance with the managements in all the chain.
The parameters used in this research were: 29-33 years of data for P inputs, outputs, initial concentrations for each lake and the activity of zooplankton (Daphnia pulicaria) only in for the two upper lakes (Lake Mendota and Lake Monona).
The study site included four lakes in the Yahara chain: Mendota, Monona, Waubesa and Kegonsa. The Lake Mendota is the largest and deepest of all 4 lakes, it has an influent derivative from agricultural and urban sources. The influent for Lake Monona is urban and it is the second largest and deepest lake. For Lake Waubesa, that is the smallest and less deep lake, the influent is from urban and agricultural. And for the last lake, Lake Kegonsa, has an agricultural influent and it is really shallow. For the modeling the scheme was in the same order, first Lake Mendota, then in the chain Lake Monona, in third place Lake Waubesa and at the final of the chain Lake Kegonsa.
For the model, the authors constructed an empirical model based on the P loads, summer concentrations and downstream exports. Once they had the model, they used it to determinate probability distributions for the P concentrations. This empirical model was based on data- based approach.
The information for the drainage loads, exports and concentration of P were obtained from North Temperate Lakes Long-term Ecological Research (NTL-LTER) program, US Geological Survey and Wisconsin DNR, creating with the information time series. For the loads to the La...
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... the P transportation of each lake it depended (based on the model developed) on the lake immediately upstream and in the additional drainage and the P that are on the sediments (this last parameter is more important for the lakes with less depth Lake Waubesa and Lake Kegonsa). For this study the annual proportion obtained, based on the upstream lake, was for Lake Monona 0.56, for Lake Waubesa 0.79 and for Lake Kegonsa 0.72.
With this research, the authors pretended to study the variability of the system of four lakes in Yahara chain and determinate the responses to the five different load reduction plans established, getting a model that can be used to project the response of the lake to the different plans, although authors emphasize the variability of the system and the need to take account the complex biogeochemical process that occurre in this type of systems.
Depending on the type of path that was created, it would largely influence the rate and distance to which the sediment was transported.
The problem is that too much phosphates in water cause eutrophication. Eutrophication can cause harmful living conditions for the animals and plants that live in the water. It can also affect the organisms who lives in areas surrounding the water. Humans are affect when they consume this water. There is a United States maximum standard for phosphate in drinking water which is 3.0 mg/L.
Fish habitat is the underwater world which many people do not see. It is just like the world that people live. Fish and plants reproduce, eat, and live in this environment, and even face challenges such as invasive species. It is said that “Invasive species are non-native species that threaten the diversity or abundance of native species due to their uncontrollable population growth, causing ecological or economic impacts” (“Invasive” par. 1). Vegetation plays a big role for fish habitat and for a lake itself. Aquatic habitat provides living space for not only fish but also for many aquatic insects. These insects then in turn provide fish and other species of animals with food (“Native” par. 4).
In addition to the water evaporated, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (DWP) began diverting Mono Lake's water and approximately 58% of its natural inflow (annually) to supply 13% of the city of Los Angeles's water supply in 1940 (Stine 1991). Because lake volume fluctuates in response to varying inflow and evaporation, the late-water concentration and composition can experience substantial change through time (Rogers 1992). A high concentration of soluble compounds and salts formed inherently as evaporation occurred, and minerals and compounds were left behind.
The ineptitude of the monogastric animals to fully hydrolyze the phytic acid resulted in several problems. For instances, supplementation of inorganic phosphate, which is expensive, is needed to compensate with the inability of the monogastric animals to utilize phytic acid. The supplementation of inorganic phosphate in the animal feeds is crucial to meet the animals’ dietary requirements. Furthermore, the unutilized phytate-phosphorus causes the concentration of phosphorus in the animals’ excreta increases and this will indirectly contributes to serious phosphorus pollution complication (Pen et al., 1993; Volfova et al., 1994). Cyanobacterial blooms, hypoxia and death of marine animals have been reported to occur as a consequence of the eutrophication of the rivers by this excessive phosphorus (Mallin, 2000; Naqvi et al., 2000). In fact, phytic acid has been well-known for ...
The American Great Lakes; Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario make up 21% of the world’s surface, fresh water. These lakes are home to a variety of wildlife species and fish that are a concern. The lakes also provide drinking water for 40 million people. Commercial fishing, sport fishing and Native American fishing are the major industries providing jobs in the Great Lakes Region and this impacts the fragile ecosystem. The urban runoff and sprawl, sewage disposal, agriculture and toxic industrial waste also affect human health, fish populations, and aquatic food chains. The Great Lakes Restoration initiative is the largest investment in the Great Lakes in two decades. There is a task force of 11 federal agencies that developed an action plan to implement the initiative. The action plan is to cover fiscal years 2010-2014 and addressed five urgent issues. Those issues include; 1. Cleaning up toxics and areas of concern. 2. Combating invasive species, 3. Promoting nearshore health by protecting watersheds from polluted runoff, 4. Restoring wetlands and other habitats. 5. Tracking progress and working with strategic partners. In 2012 and 2013 with the input of citizens 3 key priorities helped to guide the restoration project. They were cleaning up areas of concern, reducing nutrients entering the lakes and preventing the introduction of new, invasive species. New technologies, such as a swimming video camera and an all-terrain robot, are granting researchers their first glimpse of a region critical to the Great Lakes’ health.
About 80% of the State’s surveyed freshwater rivers and streams have good water quality that fully supports aquatic life uses, 17% have fair water quality that partially supports aquatic life uses, and 3% have poor water quality that does not support aquatic life uses. Ten percent of the surveyed rivers do not fully support swimming. The major sources of impairment are agriculture (responsible for 53% of the impaired river miles), urban runoff (responsible for 16%), and construction (responsible for 13%). These sources generate siltation, bacteria, and organic wastes that deplete disssolved opxygen.
Great Lakes Regional Pollution Prevention Roundtable. GLRPPR, 12 Dec. 2013. Web. 15 Dec. 2013. .
There are many ways pollutants can enter lakes and rivers: agricultural and urban runoff, industrial outfalls, migration through groundwater, through the food chain, and many more. Many p...
...akes water levels to future climate scenarios with an emphasis on lake michigan-huron. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 36, 51-58. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2009.09.006
The Great Lakes are the largest surface freshwater system on Earth, with a basin that is home to around 30 million people (USEPA, 2015). Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that lies entirely within the United States, with a maximum length of 307 miles and maximum width of 118 miles. The Lake Michigan shoreline, composed mainly of sand and pebble beaches, stretches 1,640 miles along the coasts of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, as well as some islands (NOAA, 2015a). The Illinois portion of the Lake Michigan watershed (Figure 1) is only 100 square miles (0.22% of the lake’s total area) and the state’s coastline borders the lake for a short 63 miles (IEPA, 2014). However, despite this relatively small area of Lake Michigan, half of the state’s population lives within the watershed. Recreational water activities are popular throughout the Great Lakes and along Illinois’ Lake Michigan coastline. Lake Michigan is Illinois’ biggest recreational resource, as well as the state’s largest supply of drinking water and a major economic boon (IEPA, 2014). With so many people engaging in water activities, and both affecting and being affected by the lake in turn, it is important to frequently monitor the lake for potential health hazards.
Acid rain either falls directly onto the lake or enters through the catchment (Buchdahl). A very small percentage enters directly so the majority enters through the catchment. The alkaline rich catchments can neutralize the rain. However, not all types of bedrock have the same capability of neu...
The aridity maps was prepared by using De Martonne’s Aridity Index, Thornthwaite’s Precipitation Effectiveness Index, Thornthwaite’s Moisture Index, UNESCO Aridity Index and Erinc Aridity Index. These indices showed that most of the southern parts of the country lie between arid to hyper arid where as northern parts lie between semi arid to very humid zone (Fig-3). Analysis shows the climate of northern parts is more variable as compare to southern parts. The reason in the variability of the climate in the northern parts is that this region received rainfall in summer due to monsoon systems (July to September) and in winter due to western disturbances (December to March). Southern parts of the country receive most of the rainfall in monsoon season while a meager amount of rainfall in winter. This monsoonal rainfall brings relief to moisture stress to some extent but due to low elevation, higher evapotranspiration and day time temperature, dry climate exists through out the year. Therefore, agriculture activity does not depend on rainfall and proper irrigation is required in the form of canals, river and tube wells. Although, monsoon rainfall bring relief to overcome the moisture stress to some extent. However after that it makes difficult for the agricultural to sustain in this climate.
Eutrophication is the reaction resulting from the addition of harmful substances to aquatic ecosystems. Eutrophication causes decreased biodiversity, changes in species composition and dominance dissolved oxygen depletion and problems in water treatments. Eutrophication is currently happening to many of the Canadian Lakes including Lake Winnipeg. Since 1969, it has been observed that Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) has been the reason for the 90% hike in the algal blooms.Cyanobacteria causes a smelly odour and releases toxins that are detrimental to humans and some other organisms. When the lake is enriched with phosphorus, cyanobacteria thrive due to nitrogen-fixing. Due to the unfair advantage cyanobacteria has over other non-nitrogen-fixing species and its cause in oxygen depletion, other species die off causing decrease in biodiversity. It has been proven through the recoveries of lakes in many countries, including Canada, that reducing phosphorous is the most inexpensive and efficient way to solving the Cyanobacterial blooms. Synthetic fertilizer applications and manure from ca...
Smith, Zachary A., and Grenetta Thomassey. Freshwater Issues: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002. Print