Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
the development of both concrete and the arch in Rome and the results of their use.
thesis on Roman concrete
thesis on Roman concrete
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Contents
1. Introduction .....3-4
2. Proportions and Strength 4-5
3. Admixtures .......5
4. Aggregate . ...6
5. Cement ...7
6. Curing 7
7. Workability 8
8. Tests…………………………………………………………………………………9-11
9. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...12
10. References…………………………………………………………………….........13
1. Introduction
The Romans used concrete at least 500 years before the time of Christ, and they were probably not the only ones or the earliest ones. Although concrete technology has advanced a little since those remote days, it is still used in modern building projects - from foundations for giant structures, to nuclear power stations, to sky-scrapers in our cities, to garage and patio floors, roads and railway sleepers, shore protectors against wave action, dam walls, bridges etc.
Modern concrete, very much like its earliest form used by our ancestors, is a mixture of cement, or a cement-like substance, with sand, stones and water. The water is added to the dry components to initiate the chemical changes leading to hardening, after which the strength and durability of the material is comparable to some of the hardest rocks. But, unlike the ages-long geochemical processes involved in rock formation, concrete can be mixed in a few minutes, and will approach its final hardness within a few weeks - or even a few hours if certain chemical "accelerators" are added during the mixing stage.
The "heart" of concrete is of course the cement - the substance that, with water, does the chemical work, and binds the sand and stones into an astonishingly strong, composite material.
The sand and stones are referred to as "aggregate": stones are the "coarse aggregate" and sand the "fine aggregate". Though less important than the qua...
... middle of paper ...
...UPKE, M. 2010. Textbewehrter Beton als Kurrosionsschurtz. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag. FIVE CUBITS. 2012. Factors affecting the durability of concrete. http://www.aggregatetesearch.com/articles/18272/factors-affectingdurabilityofconcrete.
PCA( PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOSIATION) ( (a). 2012. Cement & Concrete Basics: Chemical Admixtures. http://www.cement.org/basics/concretebasics_chemical.asp.
PCA (PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOSIATION) (b). 2012. Cement & Concrete Basics: Curing Concrete. http://www.cement.org/basics/concretebasics_curing.asp.
.
ROBERTSON, S (Dr.). 2002. Chemistry of Cement – PART II. http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2002/september/concrete.htm. Science in Africa.
SABS (SOUTH AFRICAN BEUREAU OF STANDARDS). 1976. SABS Method 863: Compressive strength of concrete. Pretoria: SABS. WIKIPEDIA. 2012. Concrete. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete
.
At first the Romans did not realize the superior ability of concrete. They began by using it as a fill. They would also cover up the concrete with decorated stones. The concrete they used did not look pleasing because they had mixed it with any arrogate they had available. Later, once they discovered how useful concrete could be, they used it for everything they could. They built their houses, roads government offices, theaters, temples, and everything else they could out of concrete. Concrete was far superior in strength to stone and mortar, and it was easier to make than marble was to quarry and assemble.
The Romans were the first builders in Europe who often building arches, vaults and domes concrete. Typically the Roman arch was a semi-circle shape, but sometimes she
If the ancient Roman innovation of concrete, were to not have been significant, it would not have continued to be used across the globe. In fact, ancient Roman hydraulic cement-based concrete was so notable that modern day scientists are trying to, “replicate the exact formula for which ancient Roman concrete was made.” This is due to ancient Roman concrete being so sturdy and strong that aspects of it have lasted over 2000 years without deterioration. Without the innovation of Roman concrete, many of the modern world’s infrastructure would not be stable, causing havoc across the globe. Also, advancements in construction, health, and even safety areas would not be possible, as almost every piece of infrastructure, from sewerage and water pipes, to building and security walls, would not be able to remain as safe to use. This is because the modern world relies so heavily on concrete, with around five billion tonnes of concrete being used around the world each year,becoming the single most widely used material in the construction industry. In fact, around 76% of all first-world infrastructure is reinforced with concrete. Without this substance, much of the modern-world's infrastructure would not be as tall or sturdy as what it currently is, as it would simply deteriorate or break. Hydraulic cement-based concrete is certainly the most significant Roman
Concrete served Rome in many of their constructions and was used it to its fullest possibilities. They mixed the material with lime mortar and called the new building
The Pantheon was a Roman concrete structure. Roman concrete is a mixture of lime and volcanic ash (pozzolana, found near modern-day town Pozzouli). Roman concrete is also called hydraulic cement-based concrete. It is known for curing relatively rapidly, even in damp condition, thus it could be used for massive construction. The most daring thing about the use of Roman concrete in the Pantheon is that Portland cement needs steel reinforcement due to tendency of cracking caused by tension forces, meanwhile the Pantheon did not. The Pantheon still stands today is because of its special structure.
Introduction Among many innovations arch and concrete were most significant. Romans were great architect and civil engineer used advanced technology made their innovation super class ever in ancient history. Legacy of Roman arch and concrete have been seen till today. Development of Arch It is not sure when Romans invented arch first.
The Romans discovered many things that would aid the construction of their great civilization. The Romans discovered that a particular mixture of volcanic rock rubble and water could be used to create very strong structures; their concrete mixture could even be used in underwater applications. The Romans used concrete to make foundations for large buildings as well as bridges. They also used concrete as mortar to hold together the stones that made up roads, walls, and bridges. The Romans discovery of concrete allowed them to build very large structures that have survived many centuries.
ement occupies approximately 50% of the mixed concrete volume and is responsible for physiomechanical properties of concrete. Cement production is essential to infrastructure and building construction, creating demands in very large quantities. Energy resources invested in the production process and resulting greenhouse gas emissions have become problematic. The cement production process has become among the world’s largest anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide emissions, contributing to approximately 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions, (WBCSD, 2009). Increased pressure is being placed on the industry to reduce CO2 emissions, owning to awareness regarding sustainability....
Lime mortar the earliest form of concrete was invented by the Egyptian way before the time of the Roman republic. A mixture of lime derived from limestones, sand, and water gave a unique property to the material we know as concrete. The Romans apparently understood the number of advantages this unique mixture of building material offered which they called “opus caementicium” after one of the particular ingredients, caementa stone. The Roman style concrete was thicker than the concrete used today, therefore, working with it required a different technic.
Concrete allowed Roams to build arches, domes, and vaults with greater distance. Also, since concrete could set underwater, Romans used it in the construction of harbor structure. Concrete also made it possible for Romans to build several aqueducts which, as explained by the author in The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, helped Rome to supply water to cities and agricultural lands (2016).
Thousands of years ago from the ancient times of Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultures, marbles are being used for architecture and design purpose. People used marble to make statues in ancient Rome and Greece, and they used colored marble in patterns to make hard floors that would last a long time. Most famous marble came from Italy and marble of different colors came from different parts of the Roman empire. The Romans and Greeks identified the beauty of marble and durability of this natural
Now a days HPC is expensive than conventional concrete. It require additional materials in some quantities as to meet specified performance.These additional materials are cement,silica fume,...
Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with water to form a solid mass.
Opus caementicium or Roman concrete is a synthetic construction substance that’s composed of an aggregate, a binding agent, and water. In Rome’s case, as discovered by UC Berkley with the extensive analysis of a sample of Roman concrete taken from a breakwater in Italy’s Pozzuoli Bay it was developed by using lime and volcanic rock which formed a mortar, the mortar and volcanic rock were then packed into wooden forms and when seawater was added a chemical reaction occurred, bonding everything together to create concrete (History, 2013). It is uncertain when Roman concrete was developed, but it was clearly in widespread and customary use from about 150 BC; some scholars believe it was developed a century before that.
The usage of concrete was explored by the Early Christian and Roman architects but fell out of use throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance period. The material was only fully explored again in the later half of the 19th century but only for mundane purposes where the material was cheap, easy to work with, and versatile, but most importantly it’s fireproof characteristic. In 1870, the idea of reinforcing the concrete was born; steel rods were to be inserted to increase its strength. Taking this principle, Ernest Ransome (America) and Francois Hennebique (France) both developed frame systems. From this, open plan workspaces with large windows were created and it was proved to be well accommodated where fire had previously been a danger. Hennebique’s system used slim vertical posts, thin parallel beams on brackets and floor slabs; this resulted somewhat like a timber frame. Concrete was one of the most flexible materials and one with a least determining form. Concrete relied on its mould and the intelligence of its designer to give it aesthetic qualities for one to appreciate it. This became much more obvious when the architects of the last 19th century attempted to discover a style based on this material.